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121.
论述了可持续发展概念的由来,从4个方面对可持续发展的理论进行了详细研究。指出可持续发展概念最本质的创新是改变过去人与自然的对立关系为和谐关系,中国将人口科学研究与可持续发展结合起来是跨世纪的国略。研究指出可持续发展的条件,揭示了人口、环境与发展变得和谐的现实可能性;判断可持续发展水平的高低,可由5个基本要素衡量,其社会应具备5个特征,以朝着更加均衡、和谐、互补的方向进化;指出可持续发展的中心矛盾是持续圈与行为圈的关系问题。  相似文献   
122.
本文分析了我国的地震灾害,阐述了近代地震灾害的特点和发展趋势,指出地震预报既是强烈的社会需求,也是全球性的科学难题,最后较为全面地介绍了我国地震预报的主要进展。  相似文献   
123.
Irrigation management calls for objective criteria capable of representing the economy, reliability, and productivity of irrigation systems. These criteria must be compatible with long-term sustainability and conservation goals. The criteria representing the above goals are the economic effect of management on yield reduction, economic effect, and reliability referring to plant growth and operation of the network. In this study environmental indices are introduced to express the above criteria in quantitative terms. The inclusion of these indices at the farm and network level create a multicriteria framework for decision-making based on composite programming. An experimental study was conducted during the irrigation periods of 1989 and 1990 in Chania, Greece, concerning water delivered to 40 experimental plots, soil moisture content at the rootzone, and irrigation system operational failures. The data collected in real time were used for the calculation of the corresponding environmental indices. The variation in time and space is high and resulted in up to 62% of yield loss and low system performance (up to 7% of system temporal reliability). The study indicated that environmental indices could be incorporated to select alternatives and also to develop policies on water delivery. The final decision involves a trade-off analysis between cost of application and desired system performance. Measures of both primary objectives can be obtained using environmental indices that represent system operation aggregation at its basic levels (on farm and network).  相似文献   
124.
    
The paper aims to test whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance affects the costs of debt, equity, and a weighted average of those two components in BRICS countries. Theoretically, a decline in the cost of capital is linked to a decrease in the firm risk. We measure CSR performance using the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) combined score from the Thomson Reuters EIKON database for non-financial enterprises between 2014 and 2019. A panel regression analysis has been run in order to test whether (1) the inclusion in the ESG combined ranking or (2) the level of the scores for ESG combines is linked to a decline in the cost of capital. Empirical evidence suggests that the level of the ESG combined score does not affect the firm's financial risk. Inclusion in the ESG combined index decreases the cost of equity and the average cost of capital instead. Firms that received an ESG combined score pay lower returns to investors.  相似文献   
125.
    
This study aims to investigate the effect of Audit Committee, firm characteristics, and ISO 14001 on environmental performance. Also, this study analyzes the effect of environmental performance on the financial performance. The data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression Data collection techniques are carried out using annual reports of companies receiving PROPER Award and listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchanges in the year of 2015–2019. The results showed that Audit Committee, firm characteristics, and ISO 14001 significantly influenced environmental performance. Another result is that environmental performance has a positive effect on the financial performance. This study contributes as a reference for the government to make environmental policies so as to encourage the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). This study measures environmental performance using only PROPER which cannot be generalized to all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchanges and other markets. The next studies should use other proxies to measure environmental performance and use other data collection methods such as interviews.  相似文献   
126.
    
Understanding empowerment is integral to facilitating sustainable use policies and requires assessing potential drivers. However, critical applications are rare in conservation. Using the island of Príncipe (São Tomé and Príncipe) as a case study, we undertook household surveys (N = 869) to assess potential drivers of psychological empowerment towards conservation, measured as the perceived abilities of people to individually or collectively influence marine conservation outcomes, accounting for gender. Law enforcement, collective influence, freedom of choice and action, environmental condition and living in coastal community were key variables for understanding perceived personal influence. In particular, no-fishing areas and raising awareness about sustainable practices were recommended by those with higher self-perceived influence. Such information on target groups and factors to promote is essential for facilitating empowerment towards conservation and laying robust foundations for resource comanagement, especially given the role communities can play in the face of limited state capacity and enforcement.  相似文献   
127.
    
The definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR) states that companies must not only pursue their main goal—to maximize profits, but also contribute to the well-being of society through voluntary efforts. The importance of CSR in today's global world is growing. It is becoming mandatory for companies to engage in socially responsible activities to support the growth of their business. It is argued that companies pursuing CSR initiatives can gain a competitive advantage over other competitors due to creation of a good public image or reputation and generate higher profits and a return on investment however some authors disagree with this. The aim of this article is to analyse the benefits and drawbacks of CSR based on systematic literature review and to develop the conceptual framework for linking CSR with the financial performance of companies. The conducted analysis revealed that in most studies the positive or neutral relationship between CSR and financial results were claimed. Though the negative and alternative connections between these issues are less frequently identified in scientific articles, they cannot be excluded from the analysis and require certain attention and further consideration.  相似文献   
128.
129.
    
This study adopts the concept of institutional voids to examine the perceptions of managers and policymakers in developing markets with respect to the actual barriers that hinder social and environmental reporting (SER) towards sustainable development. The study uses in-depth semi-structured interviews with managers and decision-makers and policymakers of the main oil and gas companies in weak institutional settings (Libya). The findings suggest that the absence of environment general authority's role, the absence of a clear legal requirement that refers to SER, the shortage of knowledge and awareness, the lack of motivation from the government, fear of change, and the absence of civil society organisations are perceived as the major barriers that hinder the development of SER. These findings contribute to the literature on institutional voids and sustainable development by providing evidence on SER barriers in the context of a developing country. Therefore, it could be useful to corporate regulators and policymakers to mitigate institutional voids to develop a more focussed SER agenda, when considering regulations for the disclosure and sustainable development.  相似文献   
130.
    
The growing demands for goods, which has been accompanied with a negative effect on the environment and society as it escalates the environmental social disasters, has led to the increased pressure on supply chains to be sustainable. Due to the significance of sustainability, this study attempted to investigate the drivers of sustainable supply chain Management through proposing a conceptual model based on six hypotheses. An 18‐item questionnaire were completed by 91 experts in the industry, the results of which were analysed using the partial least square‐path modelling. The results of path modelling indicated that green product development is effective on the social issue through the environmental performance management and the green supply chain management. Moreover, the environmental performance management was found to be directly affected by the green supply chain management. Consequently, some implications were suggested regarding the significance of sustainable supply chain management and the manager's practice.  相似文献   
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