Diminution of migration of phthalic acid esters in tequila beverage by the year of production

Abstract

The presence of diethyl-phthalate (DEP), dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl-phthalate (BBP), diethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl-phthalate (DINP) was determined in 295 tequila samples. They were grouped by age of maturation (white, aged, extra aged or ultra aged) and year of production (between 2013 and 2018). Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry was used for identification and quantification. The results showed that 65 samples (22% of the total) were phthalate free. DEP (0.13-0.27?mg/kg), BBP (0.05–2.91?mg/kg) and DINP (1.64–3.43?mg/kg) were detected in 11 (3.73%), 37 (12.54%) and 5 (1.69%) samples, respectively. But, these concentrations did not exceed the maximum permitted limits (MPL) of phthalates for alcoholic beverages. DBP (0.01–2.20?mg/kg) and DEHP (0.03–4.64?mg/kg) were detected in 96 (32.54%) and 224 (75.93%) samples, from them only 10 (3.39%) and 15 (5.08%) samples, respectively, exceeded the MPL for alcoholic beverages and they were few tequilas produced in the year 2014 or before. DEHP was the most frequent phthalate found in tequila and observed DEHP concentrations were 2-times higher in ultra aged tequilas compared to those in white tequilas. We concluded that all tequilas produced in 2015 and after, satisfied the international standards for these compounds.     

花青素联合酪蛋白多肽的协同抗损伤作用研究

目的观察花青素联合酪蛋白拮抗邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的致损伤作用.方法在大鼠外周血淋巴细胞培养物中注入一定剂量的花青素和一定剂量的酪蛋白,观察淋巴细胞的姐妹染色单体交换率(SCE).结果花青素可显著降低邻苯二甲酸二丁酯处理过的淋巴细胞SCE率;终浓度为90.8 ug/ml的酪蛋白和0.8×10-8mol/L的花青素在降低邻苯二甲酸二丁酯处理过的淋巴细胞SCE率方面存在较显著的协同效应.结论一定剂量的花青素和酪蛋白在拮抗邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的致损伤作用中存在着显著的协同效应;花青素单因素亦存在一定的拮抗作用.图1,表2,参5.     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯对蚕豆根尖微核及幼苗超氧化物歧化酶的影响

为了初步探讨邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)对植物的毒害作用,采用不同浓度的DEHP溶液对蚕豆根部进行处理(终含量0、0.2、2、20、200mg·kg-(1细沙)),检测根尖微核率和对幼苗茎、叶SOD活性的影响.结果表明:对蚕豆根尖进行短期(6h)处理后,各DEHP处理组微核率随DEHP含量的升高呈显著上升趋势(与对照比较,p<0.05或p<0.01).处理7d后,随DEHP含量的升高(0～20mg·kg-(1细沙)),蚕豆幼苗茎、叶SOD活性均呈逐渐升高趋势;DEHP含量在20～200mg·kg-(1细沙)时,SOD活性均略有下降.以上结果表明DEHP对蚕豆种子具有遗传毒性,且能够对蚕豆幼苗产生氧化损伤.     

Pseudomonas fluorescens Z1999降解邻苯二甲酸酯的二级动力学特征

通过驯化富集培养,从处理焦化厂废水的活性污泥中分离获得一株可以在好氧条件下利用邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)作为唯一碳源和能源的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonasfluorescens编号Z1999),研究了P.fluorescensZ1999对PAEs的降解条件,揭示了P.fluorescensZ1999降解PAEs的动力学特征.试验结果表明,P.fluorescensZ1999对PAEs降解的最佳条件为pH65—80,温度20—35℃,菌种量002—45%,富集驯化时间18—24h.P.fluorescensZ1999可有效降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP).在初始浓度为100—750mg·ml-1范围内,DMP,DEP,DnBP的降解反应遵循二级反应动力学方程∶-dS/dt=K2S2 K1S K0,r2=09686—09997.随PAEs浓度和支链烷基碳数的增加,P.fluorescensZ1999对PAEs的最大降解速率p下降,半衰期T1/2增大,抑制作用增强.     

苯并芘和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯复合暴露对稀有鮈鲫的内分泌干扰效应研究

为评价典型有机污染物共存情况下对长江上游三峡库区特有珍稀鱼类的环境风险,以稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)为对象,研究了多环芳烃和酞酸酯的代表物苯并芘(BaP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)单独及复合暴露而引起的内分泌干扰效应。将成年稀有鮈鲫暴露于不同浓度的BaP(0.1、1μg·L~(-1))、DEHP(10、100μg·L~(-1))和BaP+DEHP((0.1+10)、(1+100)μg·L~(-1))中28 d后,测定了体质系数、性激素含量、下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPG)轴和肝脏中与生殖相关基因的表达。结果表明:在雌鱼中,单独BaP或DEHP暴露对鱼体性激素含量、基因表达量无显著影响; BaP和DEHP复合暴露时,高浓度组睾酮(T)含量升高但雌二醇(E2)含量下降,fsh、vtg、 cyp17和17β-hsd基因表达量上调,cyp19a则下调,表现出协同毒性。因而雌鱼中性激素水平的改变可能与类固醇合成相关基因表达量的改变有关。而无论在单独暴露或是复合暴露情况下,对雄鱼体内性激素无显著影响。以上检测到的激素或基因表达量的改变主要发生在高剂量的复合暴露组中,而长江上游三峡库区水体中多环芳烃和酞酸酯含量低于暴露的最低浓度,因此推测,库区存在的多环芳烃和酞酸酯同时作用时不会对三峡库区上游水体中的鱼类产生生殖内分泌干扰效应。     

颗粒活性炭对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的吸附特性

研究了颗粒活性炭(GAC)对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的静态与动态吸附特性.结果表明,Freundlich和Langmuir等温线模型可以较好的拟合GAC对DMP的吸附.GAC对DMP的吸附容量较大,溶液初始浓度为200mg/L时,GAC对DMP的动态和最大静态吸附容量分别为484.60,450.89mg/g.考察了不同流速条件下(0.65～4.00mL/min)GAC吸附DMP的穿透特性,Yoon-Nelson模型能很好地拟合DMP在GAC柱中的穿透曲线,根据试验数据和Yoon-Nelson模型计算出穿透参数K′、T和穿透点t1以及平衡点t2.在建立了进水流量与Yoon-Nelson穿透模型的参数之间的关系基础上,得到了活性炭柱出水浓度与进水流量和穿透时间之间的动态关系模型.     

大气环境中气相和颗粒相上酞酸酯的分析

本文选用聚氨基甲酸酯泡沫塑料(PUFP)吸附块和玻璃纤维摅膜(GF)构成大气全态采样头,捕集大气中气相和颗粒相中酞酸酯化合物,样品经提取分离后用气相色谱(GC)进行测定。以呼和浩特市居民区相草原对照区为采样点,分析夏冬雨季大气中酞酸酯(DNBP和DEHP)。结果表明,冬季大气气相中,DNBP和DEHP平均浓度为0.46和1.89μg/m~3,夏季为2.19和1.82μg/m~3;大气颗粒物相,冬季平均为1.34和1.66μg/m~3,夏季为0.51和0.36μg/m~3。夏季大气气相酞酸酯含量高,冬季大气颗粒相酞酸酯含量高。草原对照区大气颗粒物上DNBP和DEHP的平均浓度为0.17和0.14μg/m~3,夏季为0.23和0.10μg/m~3。DNBP和DEHP在大气全态中的总含量冬季和夏季较为接近。     

Primary neuronal-astrocytic co-culture platform for neurotoxicity assessment of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Plastics such as polyvinyl chlorides （PVC） are widely used in many indoor constructed environments; however, their unbound chemicals, such as di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalates （DEHP）, can leach into the surrounding environment. This study focused on DEHP＇s effect on the central nervous system by determining the precise DEHP content in mice brain tissue after exposure to the chemical, to evaluate the specific exposure range. Primary neuronal-astrocyte co-culture systems were used as in vitro models for chemical hazard identification of DEHP. Oxidative stress was hypothesized as a probable mechanism involved, and therefore the total reactive oxygen species （ROS） concentration was determined as a biomarker of oxidative stress. In addition, NeuriteTracer, a neurite tracing plugin with ImageJ, was used to develop an assay for neurotoxicity to provide quantitative measurements of neurological parameters, such as neuronal number, neuron count and neurite length, all of which could indicate neurotoxic effects. The results showed that with 1 nmol/L DEHP exposure, there was a significant increase in ROS concentrations, indicating that the neuronal-astrocyte cultures were injured due to exposure to DEHP. In response, astrocyte proliferation （gliosis） was initiated, serving as a mechanism to maintain a homeostatic environment for neurons and protect neurons from toxic chemicals. There is a need to assess the cumulative effects of DEHP in animals to evaluate the possible uotake and effects on the human neuronal system from exoosure to DEHP in the indoor environment.     

高效液相色谱法测定水中的六种邻苯二甲酸酯研究

建立了高效液相色谱法测定水中六种邻苯二甲酸酯(邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻笨二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯)的检测方法.对水样中邻苯二甲酸酯的萃取条件和高效液相色谱分析条件进行优化,采用正己烷二次萃取,浓缩定容后分析,以乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱,紫外检测波长226 nm,16 min可将六种邻苯二甲酸酯分离出.方法的检出限为0.13μg/L ～0.37 μg/L,加标回收率为78.6％～118.5％,相对标准偏差为0.82％～2.17％,是一种理想的测定水中六种邻苯二甲酸酯的方法.     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

采用梯度压力驯化法从河流沉积物中筛选到一株能够以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl Phthalate,DMP)作为碳源和能源生长的菌株,命名为THF-2,对其进行16S r DNA扩增、T/A克隆后测序,菌株THF-2被鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)。研究了温度、初始p H值和表面活性剂对菌株THF-2降解DMP的效果,测定了邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)对菌株THF-2生长的影响,进而分析了菌株对不同质量浓度DMP的降解效果。结果表明,菌株在15~20℃对DMP具有良好的降解效果,最适温度为20℃;在p H=4~8范围,随p H值升高,DMP降解率增大,最佳p H值条件为8.0。在最适条件下,经过72h培养,菌株THF-2对质量浓度500 mg/L的DMP降解率达89.5%。不同表面活性剂对THF-2降解DMP的影响存在差异。添加质量分数1%非离子表面活性剂曲拉通X-100和吐温80,对THF-2降解DMP有一定的促进作用,但差异不显著(p0.05);当曲拉通X-100和吐温80添加质量分数为2%和3%时,降解作用受到抑制,降解率与添加量呈显著负相关(r=-0.98,p0.05)。添加离子型表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)会抑制THF-2对DMP降解作用。DMP降解试验表明,当DMP质量浓度为100~500 mg/L时,THF-2对DMP的降解符合一级动力学方程模型,降解半衰期为13.92~27.08 h。因此,菌株THF-2可应用于低温地区及低温条件下DMP的生物处理。