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321.
示踪实验确定河流纵向离散系数的单纯形加速法 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
应用单纯形加速法结合实例求出福建闽江干流富屯溪洋口段纵向离散系数DL=2.62m^3/s。研究结果表明,该法用于估计非线性模型参数优于“非线性逼近法”。由于单纯形法寻优过程不需要计算目标函数的偏导数,不受模型复杂程度的限制,因而计算简便,可广泛应用于环境,生态模型的拟合和参数估计。 相似文献
322.
Effective environmental management requires documentation of ecosystem status and changes to that status. Without long-term
data, short-term natural variability can mask chronic and/or cumulative impacts, often until critical levels are reached.
However, a trade-off generally occurs between sampling in space and time. This study analyses a spatially and temporally nested
long-term (12 years) monitoring programme conducted on benthic macrofauna in a large harbour. Sampling was carried out at
six sites for 5.5 years, after which only two sites were sampled for the next 5 years. After this period, all six sites were
sampled for another 2 years. While ecology is frequently thought of being highly variable, this design was able to detect
trends, and cycles, in abundance, with only around 10% of species at each site exhibiting unpredictable temporal variability.
Sites exhibiting similar trends in the abundance of a species over the 12.5-year period were generally spatially contiguous,
and the spatial scale of change could be assessed. Continuous sampling at two sites identified whether changes in unsampled
sites were related to long-term cycles. Moreover, this sampling provided a long-term background of temporal fluctuations against
which to assess the ecological significance of observed changes. 相似文献
323.
Tania Pérez-Pérez Gleyce Teixeira Correi Wu Hong Kwong Ileana Pereda-Reyes Deny Oliva-Merencio Marcelo Zaiat 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(4):224-230
As a support material, zeolite can be used to promote the granulation process due to its high settable property and the ability to retain biomass on its surface. The present paper reports on the influence of zeolite addition on the hydrodynamic behavior of an expanded granular sludge bed reactor (EGSB). Different models were applied to fit the flow pattern and to compare EGSB hydrodynamic performance with and without the addition of zeolite. The experimental data fit the tanks in a series model for zeolite bed height of 5 cm and upflow velocity of 6 m/hr. Higher axial dispersion degree (D/uL) was obtained at lower heights of zeolite. The real hydraulic retention time (HRTr) was increased with both increased zeolite bed height and increased upflow velocity. The short-circuit results for 5 cm of zeolite bed and 6, 8 and 10 m/hr upflow velocity were 0.3, 0.24 and 0.19 respectively, demonstrating the feasibility of using zeolite for a proper hydrodynamic environment to operate the EGSB reactor. The presence of zeolite resulted in the higher percentage values of dead zones, ranging from 12% to 24%. Zeolite addition exerted a positive effect on the hydrodynamics pattern for this technology being advantageous for the anaerobic process because of its possible contribution to better biofilm agglomeration, granule formation and substrate-microorganism contact. 相似文献
324.
A multi-scale approach to modelling spatial and dynamic ecological patterns for reservoir's water quality management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Edna Cabecinha Martinho Loureno Joo Paulo Moura Miguel ngelo Pardal Joo Alexandre Cabral 《Ecological modelling》2009,220(19):2559-2569
With growing levels of urbanization and agriculture throughout the world, it is increasingly important that both research and management efforts take into account the effects of this widespread landscape alteration and its consequences for natural systems. Freshwater ecosystems, namely reservoirs, are particularly sensitive to land use changes. In this context, modelling can be very useful, for decision support, as an investigative tool to forecast the outcome of various scenarios, to guide current management in order to meet future targets and to develop integrated frameworks for management accordingly to the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The present paper examined the applicability of a holistic Stochastic-Dynamic Methodology (StDM), coupled with a Cellular Automata (CA) model, in capturing how expected changes at land use level will alter the ecological status of lentic ecosystems, namely at physicochemical and biological levels. The methodology was applied to Portuguese reservoirs located in the Douro's basin and illustrated with a series of stochastic-dynamic and spatial outputs taking into account expected scenarios regarding land use changes. Overall, the simulation results are encouraging since they seem to demonstrate the tool reliability in capturing the stochastic environmental dynamics of the selected metrics facing spatial explicit scenarios. The ultimate goal was to couple monitoring assessment and the described modelling techniques to ease management and decision making regarding the practical implementation of the WFD, both at the scale of the reservoir body and at the scale of the respective river watershed dynamics. 相似文献
325.
326.
José M. Sabucedo Constantino Arce Carmen Senra Gloria Seoane Isabel Vázquez 《Disasters》2010,34(3):809-820
This study analyses the impact of the Prestige oil spill on the mental health and the perception of physical health and functional capacity in the affected population. The sample comprised 926 residents from the section of the Spanish coast affected by the oil spill. The data was collected slightly more than one year after the accident. Scales referring to clinical symptoms (SCL‐36) and health‐related quality of life (SF‐36) were administered. The results suggest that individuals with higher degrees of exposure or residing in areas closest to the spill show lower levels of mental health in comparison to those with lower levels of exposure or living in areas farther away from the spill. This study also finds that women and fishermen tend to suffer more from the consequences of these types of disaster. 相似文献
327.
The voluntary emission reduction (VER) trading mechanism has played an important role in China’s seven pilot carbon markets. From a comprehensive review of the VER trading and offsetting mechanisms since 2013, this study analyses the quality management of the Chinese Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) in the pilot carbon markets, conducts a comparative analysis of the geographical and field distributions of proposed and registered projects and emission reductions and provides the CCER supply outlook for 2020 in the aspects of on record, project registration, emission reduction registration and emission reduction issuance. Results show that the potential number of CCER projects by 2020 will be 2,864, 1,047, 818, and 286 with the corresponding emission reductions amounting to 493, 212, 133, and 49 million tCO2e, respectively. Although considerable progress has been made, China remains confronted with many challenges in developing the VER trading system. Accordingly, policy stability and continuity and guarding against market risks should be maintained to enable the system to play a substantial role in promoting ecological progress and green low-carbon development in China. 相似文献
328.
329.
元宝山两类森林群落的乔木物种多样性 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
对元宝山保存的广西最古老、最原始、最完整的常绿落叶阔叶混交林和针阔混交林进行了乔木层物种多样性研究.结果表明:1)两类群落的物种多样性特征和群落各物种的重要值变化以及群落优势度反映出来的特征相一致;2)物种重要值和个体数作为测度指标所得结果相近;3)随着面积由500~3000m^2的变化,物种多样性指数差异不大,标准差和变异系数均较小,在不受面积大小影响,正确反映群落多样性方面,Shannon—Wiener指数优于Simpson指数;4)常绿落叶阔叶混交林和针阔混交林的多样性指数均较高,Shannon—Wiener指数分别为5.3507和4.5395,与北热带季节性热带雨林、南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林和中亚热带典型常绿阔叶林物种多样性比较,未表现出明显的纬度梯度特征.图4表4参20 相似文献
330.
Woodlands of the Mediterranean speciesJuniperus oxycedrus ssp.macrocarpa (maritime juniper) are both vulnerable and ecologically important. Their ecology and biological status along the SW coast
of Spain are not well known; this, the first major study of these juniper populations is a basis for future research and restoration
policies. These communities are subject to harsh conditions, the plant composition being controlled by several factors at
different scales. On a large scale, climate and soil texture play an important role in controlling the soil water availability
to plants, and in separating xerophytic from mesic communities. On a small scale, coastal physiography, and substrate composition
are related to differences in the floristic composition. Coastal plantations modify environmental conditions, such as sand
mobility and salt spray deposition, inducing important changes in plant communities. The population of maritime juniper on
this coast was estimated in ca. 25 000 individuals, of which 93.6% are concentrated in three locations. Large proportions
of young individuals were found in extensive and protected populations. Howerver, adult individuals dominated the smaller
populations located under pine plantations. This limitation of recruitment may be imposed by several factors. A male biased
ratio was detected on the southern coast of Cádiz, which I hypothesize is due to the lower cost of pollen production in a
stressful habitat. Preservation of suitable habitats, the recovery of abandoned pine plantations, and the connection between
juniper populations, seem to be important requisites for the conservation of maritime juniper in the southwestern coast of
Spain. 相似文献