集中式污水厂重金属排放限值及其控制进展研究

介绍了中国集中式污水厂污水处理现状,主要包括污水厂进出水监测指标和进出水水质指标设计不足,重金属处理效果不明显;同时对国外污水处理现状以及重金属排放限值进行比较,探讨了中国污水处理厂污水中重金属排放限值及控制的问题,污水中重金属处理工艺未设计,进出水水质指标未将重金属指标纳入设计中,重金属排放限值远高于发达国家限值.结合现状分析,提出加强污水处理厂重金属源头控制与排放限值监管的相关建议,以确保排放水体的环境安全.     

河口与近海营养状况评价方法及其应用验证

基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,建立了我国河口与近海营养状况评价法. 通过分析当前富营养化概念模型研究结果,引入A(人为影响指数)和表征过滤与调节作用的ΔSA/SA(层化系数)作为压力指标,从富营养化负面效应筛选出高效的表层ρ(Chla)、d(浮游植物细胞密度)、底层ρ(DO)、a(底栖生物个体丰度)和RT(赤潮指数)作为状态指标,并以v(未来营养盐通量年均变化)作为响应指标. 综合考虑国内外相关标准来界定评价指标分类标准,采用统计处理、矩阵法集成得到G(营养状况等级),并成功应用于九龙江河口区. 应用验证结果表明:2010年九龙江河口区G为“差”,北部采样点优于南部,与人为环境压力空间分布一致;Kolmogorov-Smirnov非参数检验显示,G为“中”和“差”的两类采样点之间的ρ(COD)、ρ(DIN)、ρ(TN)、ρ(DSi)、ρ(SPM)(其中DSi和SPM分别为溶解态硅酸盐、悬浮颗粒物)差异显著(p<0.05),ρ(TP)、ρ(DIP)因“磷缓冲”机制而趋于均匀分布(p>0.05),评价结果可识别出评价体系并未包含的主要环境因子状况;与第一阶段评价法相比,河口与近海营养状况评价法注重富营养化症状的评价,因此具有更易识别营养状况恶化与否的优势.      

巢湖流域非点源污染研究综述

巢湖,是中国五大淡水湖之一,其生态环境安全问题十分突出。随着流域内工业废水和城市污水等点源污染改善的同时,来自农业活动及土地利用的非点源污染成为巢湖水环境污染、湖泊富营养化的重要影响因素。根据文献总结了近20年来巢湖流域非点源污染方面的研究现状,包括污染物、农业与非点源污染、土地利用与非点源污染、非点源控制研究4个方面,在此基础上进一步探讨巢湖流域非点源污染研究中存在的主要问题,并对流域非点源污染研究进行展望。     

城市餐厨垃圾资源化处理必要性研究

随着中国城市经济快速增长,餐厨垃圾产出量日益增多。不科学的处理不仅会造成环境污染、危害人民身体健康,同时也是对资源的巨大浪费。通过对国内外餐厨垃圾处理现状对比及对兰州市餐厨垃圾资源化处理现状的分析,提出国内城市对餐厨垃圾进行资源化处理的必要性。     

海阳港附近海域污染现状评价

本文对海阳港附近海域污染现状进行了评价。结果表明，海阳港湾的污染物主要来自陆源。ＣＯＤ的等标负荷高达６０．３％，是主要污染物；海阳港附近海域的水质除油有一个测点超一类海水水质外，无机氮符合二类海水水质，属开始受到污染级。其他化学要素各测点的浓度均符合－类海水水质。为了更好地利用海洋的自净能力，建议制定污染防治对策和水质目标，以该港湾的环境容量为基础，综合考虑经济发展与环境保护的关系，适当利用环境自     

山区地形大气扩散规律研究探讨

受山区起伏地形和不均匀下垫面的强烈影响,低层大气在水平和垂直两个方向上形成特殊的风场和温度场,污染物的输送和扩散规律比平原复杂的多.探索山区大气扩散规律是一项重要的研究课题,也是空气环境影响中急待解决的一个问题.本文通过对山区大气扩散特点的研究,在平坦地形大气扩散规律高斯模式的基础上,提出了较典型情况下的地形大气扩散修正公式,并通过模拟计算结果的比较,得出了公式的预测效果.     

中国燃煤电厂SCR技术的应用现状和发展

对中国燃煤电厂氮氧化物污染现状进行了分析,造成大气污染的主要污染物之一是氮氧化物,而氮氧化物的排放中有70%来自煤炭的直接燃烧.介绍了选择性催化还原法(SCR)技术及其在中国燃煤电厂的应用,并指出了中国燃煤电厂SCR脱硝技术的发展方向.     

长江口北支湿地资源和环境现状调查

调查了长江口支湿地环境现状，分析了评价长江口北支湿地的环境质量。指出，长江口北支湿地有着得天独厚的地理位置和自然条件，是世界范围内极具代表性十分重要的湿地，拥有丰富的水资源，动植物资源，滩涂资源等。近年来，由于长江上游河水质量下降，启东和海门经内河流向长江的城市生活污水，启东沿江建设的工业带，对北支口湿地环境质量产生了较大的影响。调查结果表明，长江口北支口水域主要污染物为COD，氨氮等，其污染程度呈现出以下规律：平水期（污染）＞丰水期（污染）＞枯水期（污染）。长江口北支区域陆地土壤中主要污染物为重金属元素镉，铅，锌以及滴滴涕，其中镉与滴滴涕达《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618－1995）中三级标准，其他指标达一级标准。     

Quantification of methane emissions from full-scale open windrow composting of biowaste using an inverse dispersion technique

An inverse dispersion technique in conjunction with Open-Path Tunable-Diode-Laser-Spectroscopy (OP-TDLS) and meteorological measurements was applied to characterise methane (CH₄) emissions from an Austrian open-windrow composting plant treating source-separated biowaste. Within the measurement campaigns from July to September 2012 different operating conditions (e.g. before, during and after turning and/or sieving events) were considered to reflect the plant-specific process efficiency. In addition, the tracer technique using acetylene (C₂H₂) was applied during the measurement campaigns as a comparison to the dispersion model. Plant-specific methane emissions varied between 1.7 and 14.3 g CH₄/m³d (1.3–10.7 kg CH₄/h) under real-life management assuming a rotting volume of 18,000 m³. In addition, emission measurements indicated that the turning frequency of the open windrows appears to be a crucial factor controlling CH₄ emissions when composting biowaste. The lowest CH₄ emission was measured at a passive state of the windrows without any turning event (“standstill” and “sieving of matured compost”). Not surprisingly, higher CH₄ emissions occurred during turning events, which can be mainly attributed to the instant release of trapped CH₄. Besides the operation mode, the meteorological conditions (e.g. wind speed, atmospheric stability) may be further factors that likely affect the release of CH₄ emissions at an open windrow system. However, the maximum daily CH₄ emissions of 1 m³ rotting material of the composting plant are only 0.7–6.5% of the potential daily methane emissions released from 1 m³ of mechanically–biologically treated (MBT) waste being landfilled according to the required limit values given in the Austrian landfill ordinance.     

A modified steady-state model for evaluation of ammonia concentrations behind a water curtain

Water curtain system has been proved an effective mitigation measurement for ammonia spill dispersion. Calculating of ammonia cloud concentration with water curtain was less studied. This paper presents a steady-state calculation model to calculate open and forced ammonia spill dispersion. The formula of ammonia absorption was built and integrated into the calculation model. The calculated downwind ammonia concentrations for open and forced spill dispersion were reproduced and compared with literature using a statistical method. In addition, the relationship between ammonia concentration in water droplet and the droplet diameter was studied. The results display that the formula of ammonia absorption is suitable for calculating mass transfer process between the ammonia cloud and the water curtain. The calculation model presents good performances for open and forced ammonia spill dispersion. This study indicates that the calculation model can be satisfactory in determining the impact of open and forced ammonia spill dispersion and the design of water curtain mitigation system.