全国碳交易形势下中国企业应对策略研究

全球气候变暖是人类面临的共同挑战,碳交易是为促进温室气体减排而采取的市场机制.就企业而言,碳交易直接关系到企业的生存和发展.2011年中国开展了七省市碳交易试点工作,全国碳市场将依据中国碳交易试点地区的经验设计并计划于2017年启动.本文介绍了碳交易的背景和国内外发展的新形势,总结了中国碳交易的试点状况,从而根据试点地区的碳交易模式和清洁发展机制(CDM)提出了中国企业应对全国碳交易市场的策略.     

杭州市环境污染第三方治理现状及发展对策

环境污染第三方治理是污染治理的新思路,是治污模式的转变和专业化分工的必然结果.杭州市在环境污染第三方治理方面尚处于摸索和自发阶段,主要在城市生活污水、生活垃圾收集处理、农村生活污水设施运维等领域有较多实践,与其它城市存在类似的发展问题:缺乏明确的政策支持、家底了解不全面、相关方责任划分不明确、第三方市场机制未建立等.通过摸清家底、明确相关方责任、建立第三方治理的准入退出机制、改善投融资环境、开展试点工作等,能初步推动杭州市环境污染第三方治理的健康发展.     

齐齐哈尔市城区环境噪声污染现状分析

以齐齐哈尔市城区声环境质量监测为依据，探讨了城区产生环境噪声污染的主要原因，分析了环境噪声污染现状，制定了相应的防治对策。     

Escaping radioactivity from coal-fired power plants (CPPs) due to coal burning and the associated hazards: a review

Coal, like most materials found in nature, contains trace quantities of the naturally occurring primordial radionuclides, i.e. of ⁴⁰K and of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and their decay products. Therefore, the combustion of coal results in the released into the environment of some natural radioactivity (1.48 TBq y⁻¹), the major part of which (99 %) escapes as very fine particles, while the rest in fly ash. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides measured in coals originated from coal mines in Greece varied from 117 to 435 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³⁸U, from 44 to 255 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁶Ra, from 59 to 205 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²¹⁰Pb, from 9 to 41 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁸Ra (²³²Th) and from 59 to 227 Bq kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K. Fly ash escapes from the stacks of coal-fired power plants in a percentage of 3-1% of the total fly ash, in the better case. The natural radionuclide concentrations measured in fly ash produced and retained or escaped from coal-fired power plants in Greece varied from 263 to 950 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³⁸U, from 142 to 605 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁶Ra, from 133 to 428 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²¹⁰Pb, from 27 to 68 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁸Ra (²³²Th) and from 204 to 382 Bq kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K. About 5% of the total ash produced in the coal-fired power plants is used as substitute of cement in concrete for the construction of dwellings, and may affect indoor radiation doses from external irradiation and the inhalation of radon decay products (internal irradiation) is the most significant. The resulting normalized collective effective doses were 6 and 0.5 man-Sv (GW a)⁻¹ for typical old and modern coal-fired power plants, respectively.     

A dynamic approach for evaluating the consequences of toxic gas dispersion in the chemical plants using CFD and evacuation modelling

Accidental releases of toxic gas in the chemical plants have caused significant harm to the exposed occupants. To evaluate the consequences of these accidents, a dynamic approach considering the gas dispersion and behavior evacuation modelling has been proposed in this paper. This approach is applied to a hypothetical scenario including an accidental chlorine release in a chemical plant. CFD technique is utilized to calculate the time-varying concentration filed and evacuation modelling is used to obtain the evacuation routes. The exposure concentrations in the evacuation routes are calculated by using the code of data query. The integrated concentration toxic load model and probit model are used to calculate the probability of mortality of each occupant by using the exposure concentrations. Based on this dynamic approach, a new concept of average probability of mortality (APM) has been proposed to quantify the consequences of different accidental scenarios. The results show that APM decreases when the required detection time decreases or emergency evacuation mode is implemented. The impact of the detection time on APM becomes small as the wind speed increases. The effect of emergency evacuation mode is more obvious when the release occurs in an outdoor space.     

Methane Emission Estimates from Landfills Obtained with Dynamic Plume Measurements

Methane emissions from 3 different landfills inthe Netherlands were estimated using a mobileTuneable Diode Laser system (TDL). The methaneconcentration in the cross section of the plumeis measured downwind of the source on a transectperpendicular to the wind direction. A gaussianplume model was used to simulate theconcentration levels at the transect. Theemission from the source is calculated from themeasured and modelled concentration levels.Calibration of the plume dispersion model isdone using a tracer (N₂O) that is releasedfrom the landfill and measured simultaneouslywith the TDL system. The emission estimates forthe different locations ranged from 3.6 to 16 m³ ha^-1 hr^-1 for the differentsites. The emission levels were compared toemission estimates based on the landfill gasproduction models. This comparison suggestsoxidation rates that are up to 50% in springand negligible in November. At one of the threesites measurements were performed in campaignsin 3 consecutive years. Comparison of theemission levels in the first and second yearshowed a reduction of the methane emission ofabout 50% due to implementation of a gasextraction system. From the second to the thirdyear emissions increased by a factor of 4 due tonew landfilling. Furthermore measurements wereperformed in winter when oxidation efficiencywas reduced. This paper describes themeasurement technique used, and discusses theresults of the experimental sessions that were performed.     

河流污染物通量估算方法分析(Ⅱ)——时空平均离散通量误差判断

提出了一个简单的通量误差判断公式,对于采用以时空平均的一维对流量方式估算河流通量,提出了限制的条件,即排除不可靠的通量估值的方法,就河流离散通量对于通量估算的影响提供了误差判断分析方法.      

二龙山水库流域生态环境现状及建设

宾县二龙山水库流域作为风景旅游区,其生态环境建设无疑对该区可持续发展具有重要的意义.笔者通过介绍该流域生态环境现状,提出了在今后的建设中应该注意的问题.      

珠江三角洲地区城市群发展对局地大气污染物扩散的影响

为探讨城市群发展对局地气象环境和污染物输送的影响,以珠江三角洲不同时期的下垫面为例,选取有利于和不利于污染扩散的较典型的气象条件,采用数值模拟手段,模拟并分析比较该地区城市群的形成与发展对城市气象环境、污染物分布、城市间污染物输送的影响.结果表明,重污染气象条件下出现长时间逆温现象,凌晨3 :0 0到6:0 0间逆温最强,强度约为2 1℃·hm- 1 ,逆温层厚度达3 0 0m .城市群的发展使得城市夜间的逆温强度增强,逆温持续时间增长;城市群的发展使得城市地区风速减小,重污染气象条件下广州小风区面积约增加2 8% ,佛山约增加45 2 % ,轻污染气象条件下增加较小;重污染气象条件时广州和佛山二氧化硫浓度一般大于45 μg·m- 3,城市群的发展使污染物扩散范围变小,对本地贡献率增大,对其它地区的贡献率减小;地区间氮氧化物和二氧化硫的输送基本量级为10 0 t·d- 1 到数10 1 t·d- 1 ,城市群的发展使污染物不易向外输送,在重污染气象条件时广州二氧化硫输出量由5 1 3 7t·d- 1 减小为42 81t·d- 1 .     

循环经济发展的现状及主要模式

介绍了国内外发展循环经济的现状,提出发展循环经济的三种模式,即企业层面上的小循环模式,区域层面上的中循环模式和社会层面上的大循环模式。发展循环经济,建设循环型社会是当前经济发展与环境保护有机结合,转变经济增长方式,实现可持续发展的重要途径。