矿区塌陷塘营养状况及相关分析

选择了不同塌陷年龄的煤矿塌陷塘,测试水的环境状况指标,得出的结果是：矿区塌陷塘都受到了不同程度的污染.水中主要营养元素含量较高,叶绿素含量随季节变化明显,且不同塌陷塘之间差别也较大.对主要营养指标及营养状况进行了相关分析 ,为塌陷塘的开发利用提供了一定的理论基础.     

淡水湖泊营养状态监测新方法——叶绿素比值模型

选取铜绿微囊藻、鱼腥藻、蛋白核小球藻、汉氏菱形藻、薄甲藻和小定鞭金藻作为湖泊水体从富营养状态到贫营养状态的代表藻种,用热乙醇-反复冻融-分光光度法测定其叶绿素a、b、c的浓度,通过分析叶绿素(chl)的比值、藻类种群组成和水体营养水平之间的响应关系,建立了叶绿素比值模型作为评价水体营养状态的一种新方法.在计算单种藻类chlb/chla、chlc/chla比值的基础上,结合目前我国湖泊水体不同营养水平藻类种群组成的统计数据,得到不同营养状态下多种藻类同时存在时水体chlb/chla和chlc/chla比值的变化曲线.结果表明,在中营养和贫营养水体中,chlc/chla值随营养水平的降低呈明显单调上升的趋势;在富营养化水体中,chlb/chla值随营养水平的降低而呈明显单调上升的趋势.根据这个规律,提出了判断水体营养水平的新标准,即:当chlc/chla0.30时,水体为贫营养;当0.18chlc/chla0.30时,水体为中营养;当chlc/chla0.18时,水体为富营养,此时,需要借助chlb/chla的值进行进一步的判断:当chlb/chla0.14时,水体为轻度富营养化;当0.08chlb/chla0.14时,水体为中度富营养化;当chlb/chla0.08时,水体为重度富营养化.以白洋淀为研究案例,分析结果表明,叶绿素比值模型判断和综合营养状态指数法判断结果相符.因此,叶绿素比值模型可以作为简单、快捷、准确的评价我国淡水湖泊营养状态的方法.     

大溪水库浮游植物群落结构特征及营养状态评价

在2015—2017年以月频率对大溪水库浮游植物群落结构及水体理化性质进行调查分析,以期为深入理解亚热带水库生态系统结构及功能提供理论依据,并为大溪水库及其同类型水体的生态保护提供基础数据.结果表明,调查期间大溪水库水质相关指标基本达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）Ⅱ~Ш类标准,综合富营养化指数范围为37~54,基本处于中营养状态（除2017年9月及10月）,浮游植物多样性及均匀度指数指示水体处于较为清洁的环境.2015—2017年,大溪水库共检出浮游植物7门57种,其中绿藻门种类最多,检出24种,其次是蓝藻门;且浮游植物群落中主要以蓝藻门、绿藻门及硅藻门种类占优;浮游植物群落结构季节变化有明显的规律,为硅藻门（春季）-蓝、绿藻门（夏、秋季）-硅藻门（冬季）;物种丰度及生物量变化趋势为夏季高冬季低,丰度为339.87×10⁴~33075.99×10⁴ cells·L^-1,生物量为2.41~40.45 mg·L^-1.浮游植物生物量与环境因子之间的冗余分析及Pearson相关分析结果均表明,大溪水库浮游植物群落结构变化受温度影响较大.综上,在北亚热带地区低营养水平的水库中,温度可能是影响浮游植物群落结构的关键因素.     

当代城市生活垃圾处理技术现状与展望——兼论中国城市生活垃圾对策视点的调整

以探究全球城市生活垃圾治理技术实践 ,展示人类面向 2 1世纪解决城市生活垃圾问题的新视点 ,并对我国垃圾对策视点的调整及垃圾产业化提出建议     

Organic Liquids Storage Tanks Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) Emissions Dispersion and Risk Assessment in Developing Countries: The Case of Dar-Es-Salaam City, Tanzania

The emission estimation of nine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from eight organic liquids storage tanks companies in Dar-es-Salaam City Tanzania has been done by using US EPA standard regulatory storage tanks emission model (TANKS 4.9b). Total VOCs atmospheric emission has been established to be 853.20 metric tones/yr. It has been established further that petrol storage tanks contribute about 87% of total VOCs emitted, while tanks for other refined products and crude oil were emitting 10% and 3% of VOCs respectively. Of the eight sources (companies), the highest emission value from a single source was 233,222.94 kg/yr and the lowest single source emission value was 6881.87 kg/yr. The total VOCs emissions estimated for each of the eight sources were found to be higher than the standard level of 40,000 kg/yr per source for minor source according to US EPA except for two sources, which were emitting VOCs below the standard level. The annual emissions per single source for each of the VOCs were found to be below the US EPA emissions standard which is 2,000~kg/yr in all companies except the emission of hexane from company F1 which was slightly higher than the standard. The type of tanks used seems to significantly influence the emission rate. Vertical fixed roof tanks (VFRT) emit a lot more than externally floating roof tanks (EFRT) and internally floating roof tanks (IFRT). The use of IFRT and EFRT should be encouraged especially for storage of petrol which had highest atmospheric emission contribution. Model predicted atmospheric emissions are less than annual losses measured by companies in all the eight sources. It is possible that there are other routes for losses beside atmospheric emissions. It is therefore important that waste reduction efforts in these companies are directed not only to reducing atmospheric emissions, but also prevention of the spillage and leakage of stored liquid and curbing of the frequently reported illegal siphoning of stored products. Emission rates for benzene, toluene, and xylene were used as input to CALPUFF air dispersion model for the calculation of spatial downwind concentrations from area sources. By using global positioning system (GPS) and geographical information system (GIS) the spatial benzene concentration contributed by organic liquid storage tanks has been mapped for Dar-es-Salaam City. Highest concentrations for all the three toxic pollutants were observed at Kigamboni area, possibly because the area is located at the wind prevailing direction from the locations of the storage tanks. The model predicted concentrations downwind from the sources were below tolerable concentrations by WHO and US-OSHA. The highest 24 hrs averaging time benzene concentration was used for risk assessment in order to determine maximum carcinogenic risk amongst the population exposed at downwind. Established risk for adult and children at 2.9×10^-3 and 1.9×10^-3 respectively, are higher than the acceptable US-EPA risk of 1×10^-6. It is very likely that the actual VOCs concentrations in some urban areas in Tanzania including Dar-es-Salaam City are much higher than the levels reported in this study when other sources such as petrol stations and motor vehicles on the roads are considered. Tanzania Government therefore need to put in place: an air quality policy and legislation, establish air quality guidelines and acquire facilities which will enable the implementation of air quality monitoring and management programmes.     

施工扬尘空间扩散规律研究

通过检测建筑工地边界附近同一平面坐标1.5～4.1 m范围内不同高度处的降尘浓度变化,研究了建筑工地边界施工扬尘垂直扩散规律;通过监测建筑工地外同方向0～210 m范围内不同距离、相同高度(3 m)处的降尘浓度变化,研究了建筑工地施工扬尘水平扩散规律,通过数据回归分别得出了施工扬尘垂直、水平的扩散模型.结果表明,建筑工地边界同一平面坐标上方的施工降尘浓度与高度的2次方成反比关系,边界外部同一高度、同一方向的施工降尘浓度与监测点距工地中心距离的2次方成反比关系,施工活动和自然条件等因素主要影响垂直和水平扩散常数的大小.     

污水污泥堆肥重金属总量及形态变化

采用高温好氧静态强制通风堆肥工艺,研究了污水污泥与锯末、粉煤灰或磷矿粉按不同比例混合堆肥前后重金属(Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As)总量的变化,以及重金属在交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态3种不稳定态和包括有机结合态、残渣态的稳定态含量的变化,同时探讨了粉煤灰和磷矿粉在堆肥过程中所起的钝化效果. 结果表明:该试验可以显著降低污泥中交换态Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As的含量,提高其他形态的含量,但不能降低重金属总量;对重金属的作物可利用态含量的降低以及其他形态含量升高的效果来看,试验A最好,试验B和D次之,试验C最差. 粉煤灰和磷矿粉都是良好的钝化剂,在起钝化效果时,其用量并不是越多越好;在与污泥、锯末混合堆肥中,应控制粉煤灰和磷矿粉用量在15%左右,但是粉煤灰的钝化效果优于磷矿粉.      

太原地区大气污染物输送特征分析

使用太原地区历史气候资料讨论了太原市大气污染物向外输送的规律.通过对飞机航测、地面监测和低空同步气象观测资料的综合研究,对太原市大气污染物向太原盆地中、南部的输送通道和SO2向气溶胶转化等方面提出了进一步的认识.     

我国安全产业发展现状与趋势分析

调研了安全产业相关概念,从安全生产角度,提出了狭义的安全产业定义;结合部分领域、部分地区的安全产业市场规模以及安全产业基地建设情况,分析了我国安全产业的总体发展现状;从产业规模、产业结构、产业政策和标准、产业科技基础和成果转化应用等方面,分析了我国安全产业发展面临的主要问题;基于我国安全产业发展现状,结合相关产业发展的经验教训,提出了我国安全产业的市场化、规模化、专业化、标准化、集约化的发展趋势;针对发展存在的主要问题,结合安全产业发展趋势,提出了开展产业基础调研、制定产业发展战略、构建产业支撑体系等加快我国安全产业发展的相关建议.分析提出的问题、趋势和建议,可为加快我国安全产业的发展提供参考.     

The extreme carbon dioxide outburst at the Menzengraben potash mine 7 July 1953

Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant and an irritant gas. An extreme outburst of carbon dioxide took place 7 July 1953 in a potash mine in the former East Germany. During 25 min, a large amount of CO₂ was blown out of the mine shaft with great force. It was wind still and concentrated CO₂ accumulated in a valley leading to multiple asphyxiation casualties. Based on a review of concentration-response relationships, the location of victims, and other information, it is concluded that concentrations of 10-30% carbon dioxide may have occurred 450 m from the point of release for at least 45 min. It is concluded that 1100-3900 tonnes of CO₂ were blown out of the mine shaft, possibly with intensities around 4 tonnes/s. It is also concluded that the large majority of the gas escaped as a near-vertical high-velocity jet with only little loss of momentum due to impingement. The release was modelled using PHAST. Output from the model is inconsistent with the asphyxiation harm observed. The high-momentum release is predicted to disperse safely and never reach the ground. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) schemes will involve handling and transportation of unprecedented quantities of CO₂. Case histories to date include sudden releases of CO₂ of up to 50 tonnes only, far too small to provide a suitable empirical perspective on predicted hazard distances for CCS projects. The 1953 outburst contributes to filling this gap.