Underwater LNG release test findings: Experimental data and model results

An underwater LNG release test was conducted to understand the phenomena that occur when LNG is released underwater and to determine the characteristic of the vapor emanating from the water surface. Another objective of the test was to determine if an LNG liquid pool formed on the water surface, spread and evaporated in a manner similar to that from an on-the-surface release of LNG.A pit of dimensions 10.06 m × 6.4 m and 1.22 m depth filled with water to 1.14 m depth was used. A vertically upward shooting LNG jet was released from a pipe of 2.54 cm diameter at a depth of 0.71 m below the water surface. LNG was released over 5.5-min duration, with a flow rate of 0.675 ± 0.223 L/s. The wind speed varied between 2 m/s and 4 m/s during the test.Data were collected as a function of time at a number of locations. These data included LNG flow rate, meteorological conditions, temperatures at a number of locations within the water column, and vapor temperatures and concentrations in air at different downwind locations and heights. Concentration measurements were made with instruments on poles located at 3.05 m, 6.1 m and 9.14 m from the downwind edge of the pit and at heights 0.46 m, 1.22 m, and 2.13 m. The phenomena occurring underwater were recorded with an underwater video camera. Water surface and in-air phenomena including the dispersion of the vapor emanating from the water surface were captured on three land-based video cameras.The lowest temperature recorded for the vapor emanating from the water surface was −1 °C indicating that the vapor emitted into air was buoyant. In general the maximum concentration observed at each instrument pole was progressively at higher and higher elevations as one traveled downwind, indicating that the vapor cloud was rising. These findings from the instrument recorded data were supported by the visual record showing the “white” cloud rising, more or less vertically, in air. No LNG pool was observed on the surface of water. Discussions are provided on the test findings and comparison with predictions from a previously published theoretical model.     

浅析高校档案管理及对策

档案管理工作是建设先进大学的一项基础工作。近几年，全国高校的改革加强了档案管理工作，但部分高校的档案管理工作仍然比较薄弱，存馆档案门类不全，宣传程度不够。因此，应采取加强档案管理工作的服务创新和现代化建设，加大宣传力度的措施，来提高档案管理工作的水平。     

Effect of Land Cover and Ecosystem Mapping on Ecosystem‐Risk Assessment in the Little Karoo,South Africa

Extinction‐risk assessments aim to identify biological diversity features threatened with extinction. Although largely developed at the species level, these assessments have recently been applied at the ecosystem level. In South Africa, national legislation provides for the listing and protection of threatened ecosystems. We assessed how land‐cover mapping and the detail of ecosystem classification affected the results of risk assessments that were based on extent of habitat loss. We tested 3 ecosystem classifications and 4 land‐cover data sets of the Little Karoo region, South Africa. Degraded land (in particular, overgrazed areas) was successfully mapped in just one of the land‐cover data sets. From <3% to 25% of the Little Karoo was classified as threatened, depending on the land‐cover data set and ecosystem classification applied. The full suite of threatened ecosystems on a fine‐scale map was never completely represented within the spatial boundaries of a coarse‐scale map of threatened ecosystems. Our assessments highlight the importance of land‐degradation mapping for the listing of threatened ecosystems. On the basis of our results, we recommend that when budgets are constrained priority be given to generating more‐detailed land‐cover data sets rather than more‐detailed ecosystem classifications for the assessment of threatened ecosystems. El Efecto de la Cobertura Terrestre y el Mapeo de Ecosistemas en la Valoración de Riesgos en los Ecosistemas en Little Karoo, Sudáfrica     

Evaluation of the QUIC-URB fast response urban wind model for a cubical building array and wide building street canyon

This paper describes the QUIC-URB fast response urban wind modeling tool and evaluates it against wind tunnel data for a 7 × 11 cubical building array and wide building street canyon. QUIC-URB is based on the Röckle diagnostic wind modeling strategy that rapidly produces spatially resolved wind fields in urban areas and can be used to drive urban dispersion models. Röckle-type models do not solve transport equations for momentum or energy; rather, they rely heavily on empirical parameterizations and mass conservation. In the model-experiment comparisons, we test two empirical building flow parameterizations within the QUIC-URB model: our implementation of the standard Röckle (SR) algorithms and a set of modified Röckle (MR) algorithms. The MR model attempts to build on the strengths of the SR model and introduces additional physically based, but simple parameterizations that significantly improve the results in most regions of the flow for both test cases. The MR model produces vortices in front of buildings, on rooftops and within street canyons that have velocities that compare much more favorably to the experimental results. We expect that these improvements in the wind field will result in improved dispersion calculations in built environments.     

Iron and Zinc status in soils, water and staple food cultivars in Itakpe, Kogi State of Nigeria

The levels of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were quantitatively determined in soil and water samples as well as in staple food cultivars in Itakpe, Nigeria's major iron mining town. The survey was conducted to establish a baseline pollution index for Fe and Zn in the Itakpe environment and to evaluate the role of foods as an exogenous source of these metals among the inhabitants. Exceedingly high levels of both metals characterized the staple food cultivars in the town.     

Urban Air Quality Assessment Model: UAQAM

The Urban Air Quality Assessment Model (UAQAM) calculates urban concentrations caused by city emissions themselves, the so-called city background concentration. Three versions of the model for describing the dispersion were studied: Box, Gifford Hanna (GH) and a combined form of these two (Box–GH model). Regional background emissions contributing to the urban background concentration were accounted for by using measurements and calculations from a dispersion model on the continental scale. The results of the three UAQAM versions for a number of European cities were compared to measurements of SO₂ and NO _X . The Box–GH model shows better results when compared to the Box model and slightly better results in comparison to the GH model. The Box–GH model has been taken as a starting point for the assessment of urban air quality with UAQAM.     

多沙大河的扩散示踪研究

污染物在水体中的扩散规律研究已引起越来越多人的关注。通过现场扩散示踪实验求得扩散系数，进而对污染物的扩散规律予以定量描述，是一种可靠易行的方法。对黄河托克托至河曲段的实际研究表明，以Ｃｒ２Ｏ或Ｆ－为示踪剂，运用Ｔａｙｌｏｒ模型进行多沙大河的污染物扩散规律研究可以取得满意的结果。同时，利用现场示踪实验结果与经验公式的结合可以预测不同情况下的纵向扩散系数，从而得出污染物的允许排放量，这将有利于污染物在水体中行为的深入研究。     

异质性工业企业碳减排状态与路径的比较

在将企业各主营业务划分至所属细分行业的基础上,采用ZSG-SBM方法测算工业行业2011~2016年和上市工业企业2014~2016年的碳排放效率;通过结构方程模型量化企业的碳减排潜力和能力;综合评估其碳减排状态,并运用四象限矩阵法探讨其减排路径的差异.结果显示,2011~2016年中国工业行业的碳排放状况得到逐年改善,制造业内部行业效率呈现集聚现象,重工业行业效率普遍高于0.65,轻工业行业效率参差不齐;异质性企业的减排潜力和能力存在关联和差异,治理结构和技术能力对企业深度减排具有多重影响和关键作用,外部环境对技术能力兼具激励效应和挤出效应.因此,干预政策的制定应关注企业碳减排状态的异质性,规划有差别的减排路径,避免重复建设.     

Implications of denitrification in the ecological status of an urban river using enzymatic activities in sediments as an indicator

A better understanding of the effects of a number of environmental factors on denitrification is vital for analyzing its role as nitrogen sink and providing deeper knowledge about the ecological status of a nitrate-rich ecosystem. Since few studies have addressed the occurrence and implications of denitrification in river sediments, and complexity of interactions among all these environmental factors makes comprehension of the process difficult, the potential of sediments from the Deba River to attenuate nitrate excess through denitrification was investigated. For this purpose, we adapted an in vitro method to measure activities of two enzymes contributing to the entire multiple-step nitrate reduction: Nitrate Reductase and Nitrite Reductase. The environmental features that influence both or single enzymatic activities were identified as oxygen availability, regulated directly by the moisture content or indirectly through the aerobic respiration, organic matter and nitrate content of sediments, and electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium percentage of water. Additionally, our results showed that Nitrate Reductase catalyzes the principal limiting step of denitrification in sediments. Therefore, taking this enzymatic activity as an indicator, the southern part of the Deba River catchment presented low potential to denitrify but nitrate-limited sediments, whereas the middle and northern parts were characterized by high denitrification potential but nitrate-rich sediments. In general, this study on denitrifying enzymatic activities in sediments evaluates the suitability of the management of the effluents from wastewater treatment plants and municipal sewages to ensure a good ecological status of the Deba River.     

燃煤电厂大气汞及其他痕量元素排放标准研究

为探究中国超低排放燃煤电厂汞及其他有害痕量元素未来标准制定的可行性及建议,综合比对了中国与欧盟、美国等发达国家燃煤电厂大气痕量元素排放标准限值,并基于燃煤电厂现场测试相关文献调研分析,系统地评估了中国燃煤电厂汞及其他9种典型痕量元素（砷、铅、硒、镉、铬、锑、钴、镍和锰）的排放现状.结果表明：与美国、欧盟、加拿大等发达国家相比,目前我国燃煤电厂大气污染物排放标准限定的痕量元素污染物种类较为单一（仅规定了烟气汞及其化合物排放限值,≤30μg/m³）且排放标准限值较为宽松;在全国燃煤电厂已普遍完成超低排放升级与改造的新形势下,现行的《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》（GB13223-2011）已难以起到对燃煤电厂大气汞及其他痕量元素排放控制的实际限制作用和对先进新技术的示范引领作用.作为世界上的最大燃煤消费国,中国燃煤电厂每年消耗煤炭占中国煤炭消费总量的一半左右,是国际社会和《关于汞的水俣公约》重点关注的排放源.因此,推动燃煤电厂大气汞排放标准限值的修订及其他有害痕量元素排放标准的制定,对于保护生态环境和公众健康及国际履约均具有较大的可行性及重要的现实意义.