辐射环境自动监测站的简介与运维经验浅谈

辐射环境连续自动监测与空气自动监测、水质自动监测相比,在我国的起步较晚,发展较慢.最近几年,国家和地方政府加大了辐射环境质量监测方面的资金投入,加强了辐射环境质量的管理力度,在重点区域和重点城市建立了多个辐射环境自动监测站.在2011年3月11日日本福岛核事故发生后,国家环境保护部开始定期向社会发布全国辐射环境自动监测站空气吸收剂量率监测值,用数据说话,从根本上解除民众忧虑,辐射环境连续自动监测站的重要性由此上升到了一个新的高度.本文从我国辐射连续自动站的产生开始,深入浅出、图文并茂地简要介绍了其发展过程和现状.     

街区污染物扩散的数值研究

对街区峡谷内交通污染扩散规律的研究是城市空气质量预测的主要内容之一。应用现代流体力学数值模拟方法进行大量算例的计算和分析,研究了城市街区峡谷污染物二维扩散的规律。包括比较各种条件下污染物的扩散浓度,考察来流风速、街区特征比例和日照等因素对扩散的影响,通过研究流场及湍流强度分析其扩散的动力学原因,为改进工程预测模式提供依据。     

乌鲁木齐市餐饮服务业污染现状及管理对策探讨

针对乌鲁木齐市餐饮服务业目前的发展特点,对其污染现状进行了分析,并提出管理对策。     

The extreme carbon dioxide outburst at the Menzengraben potash mine 7 July 1953

Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant and an irritant gas. An extreme outburst of carbon dioxide took place 7 July 1953 in a potash mine in the former East Germany. During 25 min, a large amount of CO₂ was blown out of the mine shaft with great force. It was wind still and concentrated CO₂ accumulated in a valley leading to multiple asphyxiation casualties. Based on a review of concentration-response relationships, the location of victims, and other information, it is concluded that concentrations of 10-30% carbon dioxide may have occurred 450 m from the point of release for at least 45 min. It is concluded that 1100-3900 tonnes of CO₂ were blown out of the mine shaft, possibly with intensities around 4 tonnes/s. It is also concluded that the large majority of the gas escaped as a near-vertical high-velocity jet with only little loss of momentum due to impingement. The release was modelled using PHAST. Output from the model is inconsistent with the asphyxiation harm observed. The high-momentum release is predicted to disperse safely and never reach the ground. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) schemes will involve handling and transportation of unprecedented quantities of CO₂. Case histories to date include sudden releases of CO₂ of up to 50 tonnes only, far too small to provide a suitable empirical perspective on predicted hazard distances for CCS projects. The 1953 outburst contributes to filling this gap.     

漏磁探伤设备在油田油管杆修复检测中的应用

介绍了漏磁探伤设备在孤东采油厂管、杆修复检测中的应用现状,针对探伤检测中存在的问题,提出了相应的对策,提高了探伤检测效果。     

我国安全产业发展现状与趋势分析

调研了安全产业相关概念,从安全生产角度,提出了狭义的安全产业定义;结合部分领域、部分地区的安全产业市场规模以及安全产业基地建设情况,分析了我国安全产业的总体发展现状;从产业规模、产业结构、产业政策和标准、产业科技基础和成果转化应用等方面,分析了我国安全产业发展面临的主要问题;基于我国安全产业发展现状,结合相关产业发展的经验教训,提出了我国安全产业的市场化、规模化、专业化、标准化、集约化的发展趋势;针对发展存在的主要问题,结合安全产业发展趋势,提出了开展产业基础调研、制定产业发展战略、构建产业支撑体系等加快我国安全产业发展的相关建议.分析提出的问题、趋势和建议,可为加快我国安全产业的发展提供参考.     

Monitoring and Modelling of Ammonia Concentrations and Deposition in Agricultural Areas of The Netherlands

Passive samplers were used from 1996 to 1999 in a dense network to monitorthe concentrations of ammonia in air, in four agricultural areas in The Netherlands. To show representative patterns, sampling was not made within 50 m of livestock buildings and stores. The concentration of ammonia varies typically between 10 and 40 g m^-3 within a few kilometres in these areas. The interpretation of the measurements was supported by calculations with OPS, a Lagrangian dispersion model. Model calculations were based on a high-resolution database that included estimates of the ammonia emission of each farm in the area and emissions from surface application of manure at a 250 × 250 m scale. The model underestimated the observed ammonia concentrations by nearly a factor of two over most of the area. This result was attributed to underestimation of the ammonia emission in the models. And the ammonia emissions from field application of manure seem to be seriously underestimated. A detailed analysis of model results and measurements showed that the observed decrease of the ammonia concentration in the study period was partly due to changes in meteorological conditions during the study period and partly due to the reduced amount of manure applied in 1998.     

秦皇岛市居民生活和公用事业用水量预测

本文在对“九五”期间秦皇岛市城市生活、公用事业水情况认真分析的基础上,按秦皇岛市“十五”计划和2010年远景目标对秦皇岛市2005年和2010年未来城市生活需水量和城市公用事业用水量进行了预测;同时对2020年和2030年进行了展望;综合分析预测的结果,提出了节水的建议,并对需水量的零增长期进行了预期分析。本文的研究结果对秦皇岛市水资源可持续利用及国民经济和社会发展规划的制订有积极的意义。     

Hydrology or Floristics? Mapping and Classification of Wetlands in Victoria,Australia, and Implications for Conservation Planning

A national approach to the conservation of biodiversity in Australia's freshwater ecosystems is a high priority. This requires a consistent and comprehensive system for the classification, inventory, and assessment of wetland ecosystems. This paper, using the State of Victoria as a case study, compares two classification systems that are commonly utilized to delineate and map wetlands--one based on hydrology (Victorian Wetland Database [VWD]) and one based on indigenous vegetation types and other natural features (Ecological Vegetation Classes [EVC]). We evaluated the extent of EVC mapping of wetlands relative to the VWD classification system using a number of datasets within a geographical information system. There were significant differences in the coverage of extant EVCs across bioregions, different-sized wetlands, and VWD wetland types. Resultant depletion levels were markedly different when examined using the two systems, with depletion levels, and therefore perceived conservation status, of EVCs being significantly higher. Although there is little doubt that many wetland ecosystems in Victoria are in fact threatened, the extent of this threat cannot accurately be determined by relying on the EVC mapping as it currently stands. The study highlighted the significant impact wetland classification methods have in determining the conservation status of freshwater ecosystems.     

公路隧道内危险物质泄漏扩散的研究

针对隧道内装有危险物质 (乙炔 )的载重车在行驶过程中发生小孔泄漏导致乙炔扩散的情况 ,建立了物理数学模型。即采用有限体积法和Simple算法 ,求解雷诺时均的Navier Stokes方程和k ε湍流模型。分析了车辆行使过程中危险物质释放前后隧道内的流场和两种释放方式下 (水平释放、垂直释放 )乙炔的浓度分布 ;针对不同的泄漏方式 ,考虑了后面跟随车辆及隧道顶部通风对乙炔扩散过程的影响 ;得出了有意义的结果 ,为进一步了解实际情况下危险气体扩散行为 ,并加以控制和减少事故提供了理论依据。