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881.
为了克服传统Fick离散模型的缺陷,本文提出一种新的改进,即保留Fick模型的方程形式但增加一个参数的时空虚拟源模型。该模型与偏态严重的实测数据也能完美地符合,比传统Fick模型和许多非Fick模型优越。本文还对时空虚拟源模型作了理论探讨,并讨论了参数估计方法。 相似文献
882.
883.
本文对散打比赛中散打运动员合理的运用技战术稳定的心理状态及散打运动员不良的心理状态的分析,提出有效的心理调节的训练方法。 相似文献
884.
三维溢油动态预报模式 总被引:18,自引:4,他引:18
基于“油粒子”概述建立了模拟海上溢油行为的三维数值模型。模型运用确定性方法模拟平流过程,采用随机性方法模拟湍流扩散过程,“粒子扩散”方法避开了“平流-扩散”传统数值方法所导致的伪扩散效应,同时将油由于自身特性和扩展与受环境动力作用的被动扩展融为一体,较好地解决了油膜的扩散和破裂问题,通过模拟结果与卫星遥感监测资料的比较表明,模拟的溢油漂移方向误差不超过20°,厚油区的分布面积与卫片资料基本一致。 相似文献
885.
Integrating Habitat Status, Human Population Pressure, and Protection Status into Biodiversity Conservation Priority Setting 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
HUA SHI†† ASHIBINDU SINGH† SHASHI KANT ZHILIANG ZHU‡ ERIC WALLER‡§ 《Conservation biology》2005,19(4):1273-1285
Abstract: Priority setting is an essential component of biodiversity conservation. Existing methods to identify priority areas for conservation have focused almost entirely on biological factors. We suggest a new relative ranking method for identifying priority conservation areas that integrates both biological and social aspects. It is based on the following criteria: the habitat's status, human population pressure, human efforts to protect habitat, and number of endemic plant and vertebrate species. We used this method to rank 25 hotspots, 17 megadiverse countries, and the hotspots within each megadiverse country. We used consistent, comprehensive, georeferenced, and multiband data sets and analytical remote sensing and geographic information system tools to quantify habitat status, human population pressure, and protection status. The ranking suggests that the Philippines, Atlantic Forest, Mediterranean Basin, Caribbean Islands, Caucasus, and Indo-Burma are the hottest hotspots and that China, the Philippines, and India are the hottest megadiverse countries. The great variation in terms of habitat, protected areas, and population pressure among the hotspots, the megadiverse countries, and the hotspots within the same country suggests the need for hotspot- and country-specific conservation policies. 相似文献
886.
887.
An Evaluation of Threatened Species Categorization Systems Used on the American Continent 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract: Endangered species lists are important tools in conservation. It is essential that these lists be prepared using categorization systems that objectively assess species extinction risk. To determine which threatened species categorization system is the most appropriate and the virtues and limitations of systems used on the American continent, we evaluated 25 categorization systems from 20 countries. These systems included examples of international lists, most national systems used on the American continent, and some systems independently proposed by academics. We based our assessment on 15 characteristics that categorization systems should have, in terms of categories, criteria, and other relevant issues, in order to evaluate species conservation status objectively. Of all evaluated systems, the current World Conservation Union system is the most suitable for assessing species extinction risk. Most categorization systems, but particularly national systems, have serious deficiencies and need to be improved substantially. We recommend governments use three types of lists: (1) threatened species lists constructed following a sound categorization system, (2) lists of species of conservation priority, and (3) lists that serve as normative tools (e.g., Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Additionally, the information used to categorize species should be explicit and available to the public. To make the most of threatened species lists in conservation, it is imperative that all countries use the same categorization system. 相似文献
888.
The ability of many animals and insects to track a plume to its source is a particularly impressive feat when the fluid dynamics is considered. Inspired by this observation this research seeks to identify the information in a passive scalar plume suitable for developing robust and efficient plume tracing algorithms. The subject of this study is a scalar plume emanating from a point source in a turbulent boundary layer which has been modeled in a laboratory facility built specifically for this purpose. A coupled PIV-LIF technique is used to measure the velocity and scalar field in a time resolved fashion. This data set is analyzed and the convergence rates of five single-point statistics, suitable as kernels of plume tracing algorithms, are investigated. The experimental data shows that the scalar fluctuations over long downstream distances from the source are characterized by filamentary structures that lead to relatively slow convergence rates for any statistic that is based on mean concentrations. The scalar intermittency, however, converges rapidly toward its true value, in fact converging to a testable hypothesis for source location direction faster than the time scale of the larger scale plume meander. 相似文献
889.
The Consistency of Extinction Risk Classification Protocols 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
TRACEY J. REGAN MARK A. BURGMAN† MICHAEL A. McCARTHY ‡ LAWRENCE L. MASTER§ DAVID A. KEITH GEORGINA M. MACE†† SANDY J. ANDELMAN‡‡ 《Conservation biology》2005,19(6):1969-1977
Abstract: Systematic protocols that use decision rules or scores are seen to improve consistency and transparency in classifying the conservation status of species. When applying these protocols, assessors are typically required to decide on estimates for attributes that are inherently uncertain. Input data and resulting classifications are usually treated as though they are exact and hence without operator error. We investigated the impact of data interpretation on the consistency of protocols of extinction risk classifications and diagnosed causes of discrepancies when they occurred. We tested three widely used systematic classification protocols employed by the World Conservation Union, NatureServe, and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. We provided 18 assessors with identical information for 13 different species to infer estimates for each of the required parameters for the three protocols. The threat classification of several of the species varied from low risk to high risk, depending on who did the assessment. This occurred across the three protocols investigated. Assessors tended to agree on their placement of species in the highest (50–70%) and lowest risk categories (20–40%), but there was poor agreement on which species should be placed in the intermediate categories. Furthermore, the correspondence between the three classification methods was unpredictable, with large variation among assessors. These results highlight the importance of peer review and consensus among multiple assessors in species classifications and the need to be cautious with assessments carried out by a single assessor. Greater consistency among assessors requires wide use of training manuals and formal methods for estimating parameters that allow uncertainties to be represented, carried through chains of calculations, and reported transparently. 相似文献
890.
No evidence for the work-conflict hypothesis in the eusocial naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber ) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The work-conflict hypothesis (Reeve 1992) postulates that in eusocial naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) colonies there is potential conflict between the breeding female and her non-breeding colony mates over how much aid they
provide in support of her reproduction. Non-breeders may withhold aid either because they are hopeful reproductives and/or
because they have less to gain in terms of inclusive fitness. Breeding females should, therefore, preferentially direct aggression
in the form of shoving (prolonged pushes usually involving nose-to-nose contact) towards large (hopeful reproductives) and
less related non-breeders to incite them to provide aid. This study tested the following predictions of the work-conflict
hypotheses. (1) There is kin bias in the shove rate of breeding females and work rates of non-breeders; (2) Shoving activates
work in non-breeders. We found no evidence to suggest that the breeding female shove rate and the amount of colony maintenance
activities performed by non-breeders is influenced by relatedness. Body size was a better predictor of work rate and shove
rate; large animals were shoved more and worked less. Furthermore, shoving did not affect the work rate of non-breeders and
rarely incited activity in inactive mole-rats. Individual mole-rats were also more likely to be shoved when already active
than when resting in the nest. These results suggest that shoving by the breeding female may have functions other than the
incitement of activity, such as the reproductive suppression of non-breeders.
Received: 17 January 1996 / Accepted after revision: 21 September 1996 相似文献