D/UL作为絮凝控制指标的研究

借助反应器分散模型,把絮凝池内水流状况和絮凝效果与D/UL联系在一起,提出D/UL可以作为絮凝控制指标。经过小试和中试,对比分析其他絮凝控制指标,结果表明,D/UL能反映絮凝池内部比如死角、短路等状况,可以作为衡量和比较絮凝工艺是否合理的指标;絮凝池适宜的D/UL值在0.06～0.08之间,最佳值在0.07左右,其混合阶段的值一般在0.20～0.30之间。D/UL具有准确、易操作的特点,为絮凝池的设计和运行提供了新的依据。     

天津市餐厨垃圾回收现状与对策

餐厨垃圾是一种具有较高再生利用价值的资源,但是处置不当会给社会造成危害。天津市餐厨垃圾的回收包括规范化的再生资源回收企业回收、以养猪和炼制餐厨再生食用油为目的的非法回收商贩回收、城市普通生活垃圾收集处理系统回收等三种形式。以源头单独集中、清洁化单独收运、无害化处理和资源化利用为指导原则,开展城市餐厨垃圾的规范化回收符合发展循环经济的根本要求。从加强宣传教育、加大食用油监管力度、健全行政监管体系、完善餐厨垃圾规范化收集网络等角度,提出推动天津市餐厨垃圾回收规范化发展的对策。     

国内外生物柴油的生产现状及发展前景

介绍了生物柴油的特性、能耗及生物柴油的制备方法（直接混合法、微乳液法、高温热裂解法、酯交换法、超临界甲醇法）和生物柴油在工业应用巾存在的主要问题,阐述了国内外生物柴油的产业发展现状,展望了该产业在我田的发展前景。     

Sulfur dioxide dispersion and source contribution to receptors of downtown Patras, Greece

Background The development of the city of Patras, including harbour relocation, in conjunction with the protection of the regional ecosystems, requires air quality assessment and management. For this reason, a model applicable in the Patras area is necessary and valuable. The goal of this study was to validate a model suitable for predicting the dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), based on particular activity, topography and weather conditions. Methods We used the US-EPA ISCLT3 integral dispersion model to predict SO₂ concentrations for Patras, Greece. We assumed that the major contribution to Patras air pollution came from central heating, harbour and traffic. We calculated traffic emissions using COPERTIII. Results and Discussion Assigning suitable values of the mixing height, the model predicted the local and spatial distribution of the mean monthly SO₂ concentrations in downtown Patras, as well computed the contribution of the SO₂ emissions originating from each particular source at each receptor location on a seasonal and annual basis. The comparison between predictions and measurements shows that the model performance for estimating the SO₂ concentrations and period pattern is satisfactory. Conclusion The mixing height was the critical parameter for calibrating the model. Model validation promises satisfactory predictions for SO₂ pollution levels on monthly basis. Recommendations and Outlook The model could be used in predicting SO₂ concentrations and source contribution for several downtown Patras receptors using pertinent meteorological and emission information. It could be also extended to predict the dispersion of other primary air pollutants. The calibrated model predictions could be used to fill gaps in monitoring data, saving money and time, and help in assess and manage air quality as Patras develops.     

Predictive modelling of dispersion controlled reactive plumes at the laboratory-scale

A model-based interpretation of laboratory-scale experimental data is presented. Hydrolysis experiments carried out using thin glass tanks filled with glass beads to construct a hypothetical and inert, homogeneous porous medium were analysed using a 2D numerical model. A new empirical formula, based upon results for non-reactive (tracer) experiments is used to calculate transversal dispersivity values for a range of grain sizes and any flow velocities. Combined with effective diffusion coefficients calculated from Stokes-Einstein type equations, plume lengths arising from mixing between two solutes can be predicted accurately using numerical modelling techniques. Moreover, pH and ion concentration profiles lateral to the direction of flow of the mixing species can be determined at any given point downstream, without the need for result fitting. In our case, this approach does not lead to overpredictions of lateral mixing, as previously reported when using parameters derived from non-reactive tracer experiments to describe reactive solute transport. The theory is based on the assumption of medium homogeneity.     

Brood sex ratios, female harem status and resources for nestling provisioning in the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus)

The theory of parental investment and brood sex ratio manipulation predicts that parents should invest in the more costly sex during conditions when resources are abundant. In the polygynous great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, females of primary harem status have more resources for nestling provisioning than secondary females, because polygynous males predominantly assist the primary female whereas the secondary female has to feed her young alone. Sons weigh significantly more than daughters, and are hence likely to be the more costly sex. In the present study, we measured the brood sex ratio when the chicks were 9 days old, i.e. the fledging sex ratio. As expected from theory, we found that female great reed warblers of primary status had a higher proportion of sons in their broods than females of lower (secondary) harem status. This pattern is in accordance with the results from two other species of marsh-nesting polygynous birds, the oriental reed warbler, Acrocephalus orientalis, and the yellow-headed blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. As in the oriental reed warbler, we found that great reed warbler males increased their share of parental care as the proportion of sons in the brood increased. We did not find any difference in fitness of sons and daughters raised in primary and secondary nests. The occurrence of adaptive sex ratio manipulations in birds has been questioned, and it is therefore important that three studies of polygynous bird species, including our own, have demonstrated the same pattern of a male-biased offspring sex ratio in primary compared with secondary nests. Received: 1 June 1999 / Received in revised form: 10 January 2000 / Accepted: 12 February 2000     

我国乡村城市化进程中的“小城镇病”

本文对我国城镇发展过程中出现的布局分散、土地利用粗放、集聚效应差和环境恶化进行分析,指出布局分散是“小城镇病”的根源之所在;作者认为从规模经济考虑,我国城镇发展方针应调整为：发挥大城市集聚一扩散效应,积极发展中小城市,有重点地选择性发展小城镇。     

黄河三角洲生态现状及保护对策

在分析黄河三角洲生态现状和特点的基础上 ,阐述了黄河三角洲存在的生态问题 ,并提出了生态保护对策     

医疗废物处置设施建设规划实施的现状、问题和对策

根据对“全国危险废物和医疗废物处置设施普查”数据的分析,得出全国现有医疗废物集中处置设施的数量、分布、规模、达产率等现状,并发现现有设施普遍存在缺乏统一规划、工艺技术落后、设备市场混乱、市场化导向过重等四方面的主要问题.《全国危险废物和医疗废物处置设施建设规划》实施中存在新老项目协调困难、产业化支撑能力较弱、可研报告质量较差、工艺技术路线选择不当等主要问题.为加快该规划的实施进程,提出加强监督检查、强化过程性控制指标的制定、适时淘汰现有不能达标的设施、加快能力建设等建议.      

原生水杉种群的现状及其保护对策

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)的原生种群分布于湖北省、湖南省和重庆市交界的地区,地理位置为东经108°20'～109°30',北纬29°25'～30°10',分布区总面积约1000km2。通过实地考察和卫星遥感影像分析可知原生水杉的生境是片断化的,而且受人类活动干扰比较严重。1983年左右的水杉普查结果显示原生水杉母树有5779株,2003统计有5393株,20年内减少了386株。水杉原生种群中没有幼苗和幼树,自然更新不良,呈衰退的趋势。其原因在于2个方面:水杉的繁殖特点和人为活动的影响。多年以来,国家和当地政府采取了很多措施保护原生水杉,但目前仍然存在不少问题,如资金缺乏、保护方法不科学等等。针对这些问题,提出了相应的保护对策。