Effects of wind‐energy facilities on breeding grassland bird distributions

The contribution of renewable energy to meet worldwide demand continues to grow. Wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable sectors, but new wind facilities are often placed in prime wildlife habitat. Long‐term studies that incorporate a rigorous statistical design to evaluate the effects of wind facilities on wildlife are rare. We conducted a before‐after‐control‐impact (BACI) assessment to determine if wind facilities placed in native mixed‐grass prairies displaced breeding grassland birds. During 2003–2012, we monitored changes in bird density in 3 study areas in North Dakota and South Dakota (U.S.A.). We examined whether displacement or attraction occurred 1 year after construction (immediate effect) and the average displacement or attraction 2–5 years after construction (delayed effect). We tested for these effects overall and within distance bands of 100, 200, 300, and >300 m from turbines. We observed displacement for 7 of 9 species. One species was unaffected by wind facilities and one species exhibited attraction. Displacement and attraction generally occurred within 100 m and often extended up to 300 m. In a few instances, displacement extended beyond 300 m. Displacement and attraction occurred 1 year after construction and persisted at least 5 years. Our research provides a framework for applying a BACI design to displacement studies and highlights the erroneous conclusions that can be made without the benefit of adopting such a design. More broadly, species‐specific behaviors can be used to inform management decisions about turbine placement and the potential impact to individual species. Additionally, the avoidance distance metrics we estimated can facilitate future development of models evaluating impacts of wind facilities under differing land‐use scenarios.     

振动信号的全频带三参量测量

目的解决振动信号的加速度、速度、位移三参量全频带测量问题。方法提出一种由振动加速度信号、位移信号生成全频带位移、速度、加速度信号的方法,对实测位移信号微分并低通滤波,对实测加速度信号积分并高通滤波,然后两者相加,得到全频段的加速度、速度、位移信号,所用的微分、积分、滤波都是用离散传函表示。结果不论是正弦振动还是随机振动,生成的位移、速度、加速度信号与正确的位移、速度、加速度信号一致。结论该方法可以由实测位移信号、加速度信号实时生成全频带三参量信号。     

Surgical examination of male genital function of calopterygid damselflies (Odonata)

Male genitalia show rapid and divergent evolution. It is rarely determined whether variation in male genital morphology influences male reproductive success. Male damselflies possess a unique aedeagus with a re-curved head and spiny lateral processes, and most females have two sperm storage organs, a spherical bursa copulatrix and a tubular spermatheca. Previous studies have indicated that the re-curved head may remove bursal sperm, whereas the lateral processes remove spermathecal sperm. However, we need more direct evidence of these functions. We compared sperm number in female sperm storage organs by interrupting copulation to examine sperm removal by the male. In Calopteryx cornelia, males removed almost all bursal sperm but only partially removed spermathecal sperm. In contrast, females of Mnais pruinosa store sperm primarily in the bursa, and males removed only bursal sperm. To examine the functions of male spiny lateral processes, we compared mating behaviour between control and experimental males from which we removed (cut) the lateral processes. In C. cornelia, cutting of the lateral processes resulted in a decreased number of abdominal movements during copulation and no removal of spermathecal sperm. The amount of bursal sperm removed during copulation also decreased in experimental males compared to the unmanipulated males. However, in M. pruinosa, the experimental removal of male lateral processes did not decrease the abdominal movements and little affected the removal of bursal sperm. Inter-specific differences between C. cornelia and M. pruinosa may be caused by variation in the strategies of female sperm storage.     

甘肃不同台站地磁垂直分量变化特征分析

本文应用甘肃省嘉峪关、兰州、天水地磁台2003--2006年4年地磁垂直分量Z的资料分析了静日S。日变形态、日变幅度以及日变形态畸变的变化特征。结果显示，不同台站日变形态基本相似；包含在日变形态畸变现象的低点位移和拉平现象具有明显的季节性变化规律，其在地磁冬季出现的概率远远高于其他季节，与日变幅变化关系密切。     

邻苯二甲酸酯及邻苯二甲酸在碳管上的吸附

以邻苯二甲酸（PA）和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）为目标污染物,碳纳米管（CNTs）为吸附剂,通过不同pH值条件下单、双溶质的吸附实验,结合能量分布理论,分析PA对DEP在CNTs上的竞争和取代吸附.结果表明,在同一pH值下,DEP在CNTs上的吸附性强于PA.对于DEP,pH值改变导致的CNTs分散稳定性的变化是影响其吸附的决定因素.对于PA,溶液pH值会影响CNTs的表面电荷及PA的解离程度,两者均会产生影响.双溶质体系下,PA对DEP在CNTs上的吸附存在竞争和取代效应.在不同pH值条件下,PA对DEP在CNTs上的竞争和取代的程度与CNTs的分散稳定性和PA的解离程度有关.基于能量分布的分析表明,虽然PA的加入导致DEP在CNTs上可利用的高能吸附位点数量显著下降,但是其可利用的低能吸附位点数量增加.     

Natural remobilization of multicomponent DNAPL pools due to dissolution

Mixtures of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) trapped in the subsurface can act as long-term sources of contamination by dissolving into flowing groundwater. If the components have different solubilities then dissolution will alter the composition of the remaining DNAPL. We theorized that a multicomponent DNAPL pool may become mobile due to the natural dissolution process. In this study, we focused on two scenarios: (1) a DNAPL losing light component(s), with the potential for downward migration; and (2) a DNAPL losing dense component(s), with the potential for upward migration following transformation into a less dense than water nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL). We considered three binary mixtures of common groundwater contaminants: benzene and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), PCE and dichloromethane (DCM), and DCM and toluene. A number of physical properties that control the retention and transport of DNAPL in porous media were measured for the mixtures, namely: density, interfacial tension, effective solubility, and viscosity. All properties except density exhibited nonlinear relationships with changing molar ratio of the DNAPL. To illustrate the potential for natural remobilization, we modelled the following two primary mechanisms: the reduction in pool height as mass is lost by dissolution, and the changes in fluid properties with changing molar ratio of the DNAPL. The first mechanism always reduces the capillary pressure in the pool, while the second mechanism may increase the capillary pressure or alter the direction of the driving force. The difference between the rate of change of each determines whether the potential for remobilization increases or decreases. Static conditions and horizontal layering were assumed along with a one-dimensional, compositional modelling approach. Our results indicated that for initial benzene/PCE ratios greater than 25:75, the change in density was sufficiently faster than the decline in pool height to promote DNAPL breakthrough into the adjacent porous medium. In contrast, there was no potential for natural remobilization of a PCE-DCM mixture, primarily because the densities of the components are not sufficiently different. Dissolution of a DCM-toluene mixture decreased the density, reducing the tendency for downward displacement. However, the ultimate transformation from a DNAPL to an LNAPL may induce upward displacement. These results suggest that at sites with DNAPL pools containing a mix of components of sufficiently different densities and relative solubilities, natural remobilization may be an active mechanism, with implications for site evaluation and remediation.     

驱排剂解堵工艺的研究与应用

吐哈温米油田属于低孔、低渗、低产能油藏,原油含蜡量、沥青质较高,油井的近井地带结垢严重。文章介绍了驱排剂的解堵作用原理、酸化工作液配方、驱排剂解堵工艺技术和现场应用效果。研究结果表明,驱排剂解堵工艺技术对解除油井的堵塞具有良好的效果,对提高油井的产液能力有重要作用,同时又是低渗透油田增产的一种新工艺。从2004年7月份开始,温米油田利用驱排剂解堵后油井平均单井日增油量3.0t,日增液量21.0t,动液面平均上升400.00m,平均单井有效生产期为90天以上。     

深基坑边坡锚土墙支护设计与施工

简述了航华科贸中心０—２，３楼基坑边坡锚土墙支护设计与施工情况；针对不同边坡进行了局部加固设计；对施工工艺作了较为全面的介绍；分析了边坡稳定的有害因素并提出了相应的处理措施；介绍了边坡位移的控制方法，分析了作为工程验收主要指标之一的锚钉拉拔试验。     

近震作用下单自由度结构的非弹性响应分析研究

通过选择几条典型的脉冲型近震记录 ,已发现近震脉冲特性对单自由度结构基底剪力、顶部位移和延性需求的影响。为了全面地反映近震作用对单自由度结构非弹性位移响应的影响 ,笔者以结构的非弹性位移比作为指标 ,通过选取大量的近震和远震记录 ,研究了近场地面运动参数对理想弹塑性单自由度结构非弹性位移比的影响 ,着重分析了不同类型、不同程度退化效应和不同场地条件对结构非弹性位移比的影响 ,并与远震作用计算结果进行了对比分析 ,得出了一些重要的结论。     

高阶振型在山地掉层结构中的影响研究

设置不同掉层层数、掉层跨数和坎上楼层层数的模型,对比分析各模型在不同振型数下结构响应值的误差,根据分析结果来验证常用振型数量控制方法的适用性和差异性。结果表明,高阶振型对山地结构中掉层部分的内力响应影响显著。不同的掉层结构布置对振型数的选择有重要影响,掉层层数的增加使层剪力误差超限的楼层位置从顶层转移到掉层部分,致使掉层部分对高阶振型更加敏感。伴随着掉层跨数的减少,最大层剪力误差及误差超限的楼层数均呈先增大后减小趋势,即存在最不利的掉层跨数比,此时各内力响应误差均最大。坎上楼层的增加会提高掉层部分的剪力误差值。相对于层剪力,层间位移更易于通过提高振型数来控制精度。振型位移控制法的精度较高,但会增加大量结构计算和分析成本。振型质量参与系数法仅在个别结构中的层间剪力误差较小,总体来说其控制效果较差。解决这一问题,还需进一步研究以便提出一种新的振型控制方法。