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81.
Protected areas (PAs) are a frequently used conservation strategy, yet their socioeconomic impacts on local communities remain contentious. A shift toward increased participation by local communities in PA governance seeks to deliver benefits for human well‐being and biodiversity. Although participation is considered critical to the success of PAs, few researchers have investigated individuals’ decisions to participate and what this means for how local people experience the costs and benefits of conservation. We explored who participates in PA governance associations and why; the perceived benefits and costs to participation; and how costs and benefits are distributed within and between communities. Methods included 3 focus groups, 37 interviews, and 217 questionnaire surveys conducted in 3 communities and other stakeholders (e.g., employees of a nongovernmental organization and government officials) in PA governance in Madagascar. Our study design was grounded in the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the most commonly applied behavior model in social psychology. Participation in PA governance was limited by miscommunication and lack of knowledge about who could get involved and how. Respondents perceived limited benefits and high costs and uneven distribution of these within and between communities. Men, poorer households, and people in remote villages reported the highest costs. Our findings illustrate challenges related to comanagement of PAs: understanding the heterogeneous nature of communities; ensuring all households are represented in governance participation; understanding differences in the meaning of forest protection; and targeting interventions to reach households most in need to avoid elite capture. 相似文献
82.
Effects of age and sex ratios on offspring recruitment rates in translocated black rhinoceros
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Jay V. Gedir Peter R. Law Pierre du Preez Wayne L. Linklater 《Conservation biology》2018,32(3):628-637
Success of animal translocations depends on improving postrelease demographic rates toward establishment and subsequent growth of released populations. Short‐term metrics for evaluating translocation success and its drivers, like postrelease survival and fecundity, are unlikely to represent longer‐term outcomes. We used information theory to investigate 25 years of data on black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) translocations. We used the offspring recruitment rate (ORR) of translocated females—a metric integrating survival, fecundity, and offspring recruitment at sexual maturity—to detect determinants of success. Our unambiguously best model (AICω = 0.986) predicted that ORR increases with female age at release as a function of lower postrelease adult rhinoceros sex ratio (males:females). Delay of first postrelease reproduction and failure of some females to recruit any calves to sexual maturity most influenced the pattern of ORRs, and the leading causes of recruitment failure were postrelease female death (23% of all females) and failure to calve (24% of surviving females). We recommend translocating older females (≥6 years old) because they do not exhibit the reproductive delay and low ORRs of juveniles (<4 years old) or the higher rates of recruitment failure of juveniles and young adults (4–5.9 years old). Where translocation of juveniles is necessary, they should be released into female‐biased populations, where they have higher ORRs. Our study offers the unique advantage of a long‐term analysis across a large number of replicate populations—a science‐by‐management experiment as a proxy for a manipulative experiment, and a rare opportunity, particularly for a large, critically endangered taxon such as the black rhinoceros. Our findings differ from previous recommendations, reinforce the importance of long‐term data sets and comprehensive metrics of translocation success, and suggest attention be shifted from ecological to social constraints on population growth and species recovery, particularly when translocating species with polygynous breeding systems. 相似文献
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84.
含铬固体废渣中Cr~(3+) 的氧化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究了pH、温度对铬渣中Cr3+的氧化速率的影响.结果表明,在碱性条件下,空气中的氧气具有相当强的氧化性,足以将Cr3+氧化为Cr6+,且随pH、温度的升高而加快. 相似文献
85.
Cr6+的隆线溞趋光指数与LC50急性毒性的比较 总被引:16,自引:3,他引:16
采用隆线 (D .carinata)为试验生物 ,研究Cr6 对隆线趋光指数的影响 ,并与LC50 急性毒性结果进行了比较 .结果表明 ,水的趋光指数 (Ip)与铬浓度存在着显著的相关关系 (y =0 391- 0 5 14x ,R2 =0 81) ,3h的Ip 监测下限为 0 0 5 6mg·L-1,分别是LC50 ( 2 4h)及LC50 ( 48h)的 2 3 6 0 %和 39 0 0 % ,仅相当于LC50 ( 96h) .因此 ,利用水趋光指数 ,可能为评价水体的健康状况提供一种快速、灵敏的方法 相似文献
86.
87.
二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定水中六价铬样品预处理方法的改进 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文对二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定地表水及工业废水中六价铬的样品预处理方法提出了改进措施。改进方法准、快、简、省,符合环境监测分析要求。用该方法对样品进行预处理后分析,其结果与文献[1]一致。 相似文献
88.
外源亚精胺缓解荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)Cr6+毒害的生理研究 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
研究了不同浓度的Cr^6 胁迫下,荇菜叶中叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、O2^-产生速率、保护酶——超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的动态变化及外施亚精胺后对上述各指标的影响.结果表明:(1)单一Cr^6 处理下,叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量在Cr^6 浓度为1mg/L时达到最大值,而后迅速下降;外施亚精胺(Spd)可显著提高二者的含量,延缓它们的下降速度.(2)单一Cr^6 处理下,SOD、POD、CAT活性分别在2、4、2mg/L Cr^6 处理下达到最大值.而后下降;外施亚精胺可提高这三种保护酶的活性,使其上升或稳定时期变长,从而降低O2^-等活性氧的产生速率.由此可见外源亚精胺可缓解Cr^6 对荇菜的胁迫效应. 相似文献
89.
土壤中麦草灵残留的固相萃取—高效液相色谱测定 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
土壤中麦草灵用酸性乙醇提取,采用固相萃取技术用Sep-Pak C18柱净化浓缩,以反相离子抑制高效液相色谱分离测定,方法简便、快速、在土壤中的检出下限为0.04mg·kg^-1回收率范围在83.8-85.8%之间。 相似文献
90.