餐厨垃圾发酵液强化潮汐流人工湿地对污水厂尾水脱氮效能

采用餐厨垃圾发酵液(food waste fermentation liquid, FWFL)作为潮汐流人工湿地(tidal flow constructed wetland, TFCW)外加碳源,考察其对污水处理厂尾水湿地脱氮效果的影响,并通过湿地氮转化速率、酶活性测定及微生物群落结构分析探究其机理。结果表明：投加FWFL后人工湿地中TN、NO₃^--N、TP的去除率分别提高了15.7%~36.2%、3.3%~42.3%、11.2%~45.8%,且FWFL的添加不会对出水NH₄⁺-N和COD产生显著影响;FWFL可改善TFCW低温时的脱氮效果;投加FWFL后TFCW的反硝化速率、反硝化酶活性以及电子传递系统活性均有所提高,TFCW微生物的丰富度和多样性明显提高,微生物群落结构也趋于稳定,反硝化菌群大量增加。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)与念珠菌门(Candidatus Saccharribacteria)为优势菌门,水杆菌属(Aquabacterium)与产丁酸盐细菌属(Saccharibacteria genera incertae sedis)为优势菌属。     

管式O3/UV-BAF处理印染生化尾水的中试实验

以印染污水生化处理出水为研究对象,组建了集管式臭氧/紫外(O3/UV)反应系统、臭氧发生系统、气液分离系统、臭氧破坏系统和生物曝气滤池(BAF)系统为一体的中试集成设备。分别研究了各单元及O3/UV-BAF一体化设备的运行效果。结果表明,COD范围为62.3~102.1 mg·L-1,平均值为83.2 mg·L-1时的进水经过O3/UV处理后,BOD5浓度可增加3倍以上,该处理单元可提高污水的生化性能;而单独BAF处理,COD去除率仅为22.5％,表明该污水生化性能较差(BOD5/COD=0.117)且出水COD浓度也不能达到排放标准;O3/UV-BAF联合工艺对印染废水则呈现良好的处理,出水COD去除率达到46.93%,UV254去除率为39.73%。此外,该联合工艺对色度、TN和TP也具有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为54%、34.52%和53.81%,均可达到排放标准。通过对O3/UV-BAF一体化中试设备的评估,为管式O3/UV高级氧化大规模工程应用提供技术支撑。     

微生物絮凝剂与聚合氯化铝复配处理污水厂二级出水

探讨了微生物絮凝剂处理二级出水过程中投加量和pH值对溶解性有机碳和浊度处理效果的影响,及将微生物絮凝剂与聚合氯化铝按不同比例复配后的去除效果及pH值对最佳投药量下去除效果的影响。并使用三维荧光光谱（3DEEM）分析了不同种类的絮凝剂在去除水中溶解性有机物（DOM）时的差别。实验结果表明：微生物絮凝剂的最佳投药量为20 mg·L-1,最适pH值为7.5,此时TOC去除率为17%,浊度去除率为45%。最佳复配投药量为微生物絮凝剂10 mg·L-1聚合氯化铝20 mg·L-1,最适pH值为7,此时TOC去除率为33%,浊度去除率为51%。复配使用对腐殖质有很好的去除效果。     

磺胺二甲嘧啶在纯水和污水厂二级出水中的光解差异及机制

以磺胺二甲嘧啶（SM2）为目标污染物,研究了高压汞灯和紫外灯两种光源和初始浓度对SM2光解的影响以及SM2在二级出水中光解的主要影响因素,并通过自由基猝灭实验确定SM2光解过程中的主要活性物质。结果表明：SM2在紫外灯下的光解速率是高压汞灯的2.6倍;SM2光解速率随其初始浓度的增加而减慢。SM2在二级出水中的光解速率是纯水中的2.5倍,溶解性有机质（DOM）能显著促进SM2的光解。SM2在纯水中光解主要是激发三重态SM2（3SM2*）参与的直接光解过程,其自敏化光解不利于SM2的光解;含有DOM的溶液中,激发三重态DOM（3DOM*）参与的敏化光解是促进SM2光解的主要原因。     

Assessment of Contamination By Percolation Of Septic Tank Effluent Through Natural and Amended Soils

Fly ash has been found to be a potential material for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater, and may be useful in the treatment of septic tank effluent. Laboratory columns (30 cm) were used to determine the sorption capacity and hydraulic properties of lagoon fly ash, loamy sand, sand, and sand amended by lagoon fly ash (30 and 60%) and red mud gypsum (20%). The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was high in all column effluents (71–93%). Extent of nitrification was high in Spearwood sand, Merribrook loamy sand and 20% red mud gypsum amended Spearwood sand. However, actual removal of nitrogen (N) was high in columns containing lagoon fly ash. Unamended Spearwood sand possessed only minimal capacity for P sorption. Merribrook loamy sand and red mud gypsum amended sand affected complete P removal throughout the study period of 12 weeks. Significant P leakage occurred from lagoon fly ash amended sand columns following 6–10 weeks of operation. Neither lagoon fly ash nor red mud gypsum caused any studied heavy metal contamination including manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) of effluent. It can be concluded that Merribrook loamy sand is better natural soil than Spearwood sand as a filter medium. The addition of lagoon fly ash enhanced the removal of P in Spearwood sand but the efficiency was lower than with red mud gypsum amendment.     

Mechanisms for simultaneous ozonation of sulfamethoxazole and natural organic matters in secondary effluent from sewage treatment plant

• SMX was mainly degraded by hydrolysis, isoxazole oxidation and double-bond addition. • Isoxazole oxidation and bond addition products were formed by direct ozonation. • Hydroxylated products were produced by indirect oxidation. • NOM mainly affected the degradation of SMX by consuming ^•OH rather than O₃. • Inhibitory effect of NOM on SMX removal was related to the components’ aromaticity. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is commonly detected in wastewater and cannot be completely decomposed during conventional treatment processes. Ozone (O₃) is often used in water treatment. This study explored the influence of natural organic matters (NOM) in secondary effluent of a sewage treatment plant on the ozonation pathways of SMX. The changes in NOM components during ozonation were also analyzed. SMX was primarily degraded by hydrolysis, isoxazole-ring opening, and double-bond addition, whereas hydroxylation was not the principal route given the low maximum abundances of the hydroxylated products, with m/z of 269 and 287. The hydroxylation process occurred mainly through indirect oxidation because the maximum abundances of the products reduced by about 70% after the radical quencher was added, whereas isoxazole-ring opening and double-bond addition processes mainly depended on direct oxidation, which was unaffected by the quencher. NOM mainly affected the degradation of micropollutants by consuming ^•OH rather than O₃ molecules, resulting in the 63%–85% decrease in indirect oxidation products. The NOM in the effluent were also degraded simultaneously during ozonation, and the components with larger aromaticity were more likely degraded through direct oxidation. The dependences of the three main components of NOM in the effluent on indirect oxidation followed the sequence: humic-like substances>fluvic-like substances>protein-like substances. This study reveals the ozonation mechanism of SMX in secondary effluent and provides a theoretical basis for the control of SMX and its degradation products in actual water treatment.     

水样pH对不同碱度含藻水混凝性能的影响

为探明碱度对混凝去除藻细胞及其分泌有机物的影响,保证饮用水水质。以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,选用氯化铝(AlCl3·6H2O)作为混凝剂进行混凝实验,考察了不同碱度的含藻水样在pH为6.0~9.0条件下的混凝性能、絮体特性和出水余铝。结果表明：当水样pH=6.0时,相对于低碱度(95、175和245 mg·L−1)水样,碱度较高(330 mg·L−1和415 mg·L−1)的水样Zeta电位趋近于0,可有效降低颗粒间的排斥力,藻细胞的去除率达到74.45%以上(低碱度水样藻细胞去除率在31.64%以下),出水余铝最低为0.003 6 mg·L−1(低碱度时为0.088 9 mg·L−1);当水样pH≥6.5时,碱度较低的水样依靠吸附架桥和网捕卷扫协同作用,使得藻细胞去除率最高达到94.31%,出水余铝可降低至0.035 3 mg·L−1;随着碱度的增加,铝盐水解生成的Al(OH)3胶状沉淀逐渐转变为${{\rm{Al}}\left( {{\rm{OH}}} \right)_4^ -} $,使得网捕卷扫作用减弱,藻细胞去除率有所下降;当水样pH=7.5时,随着碱度增加,平衡时絮体粒径从811.02 μm降低至540.62 μm,絮体强度因子从35.97%降低至24.79%,恢复因子从35.31%增加至47.88%,分形维数从1.586减小到1.372。通过调节水样pH,可有效缓解碱度对含藻水混凝过程的影响,提高藻细胞的去除率。     

AA-OO法处理焦化酚氰污水的操作实践及优化

焦化酚氰污水因其成分复杂、毒性大、难于生物降解,是世界公认的最难处理废水之一。以山东钢铁集团济南焦化厂为例,介绍了酚氰污水来源及AA-OO废水处理工艺流程。投产之初,因在工艺、操作等方面存在诸多问题,出现了多次硝化菌受抑制现象,该厂对存在的问题进行了认真梳理及剖析,并采取了针对性的措施。优化结束后,整个工艺运行稳定,出水指标达到炼焦行业污染物排放标准,运行成本也有明显下降,取得了较好的效果,其成功经验值得焦化同行的借鉴。     

厌氧-气浮-UASB-SBR工艺处理酒精废水

介绍了厌氧-气浮-UASB-SBR处理工艺在酒精废水处理工程中的实际应用，分析并总结了工程设计及运行的经验。实践表明，经厌氧-气浮-UASB-SBR的工艺处理后，废水中COD和SS总去除效率分别可达到99．6％和99．8％以上，并可以回收大量的沼气和部分废水回用于生产过程中。该工艺具有运行稳定和处理效率高等优点，为企业带来了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

日本关于制浆造纸厂排水的生物影响研究现状

日本自１９９４年以来的近６年中,对全国近２０个制浆造纸厂排水进行了生物影响实验研究,研究内容主要是排水对生物急性毒性实验、亚急性毒性实验、慢性毒性实验与二恶英分析、采用食物链上不同等级的三类水生生物与发光菌等为实验生物、毒性指标主要有ＬＣ５０、ＩＣ２０、ＩＣ５０、ＥＣ１０、ＥＣ３０、ＬＯＥＣ、ＮＯＥＣ等,排水的ＣＯＤ／ＢＯＤ比值也与生物毒性具相关性。