Conflicting and Complementary Ethics of Animal Welfare Considerations in Reintroductions

Despite differences in focus, goals, and strategies between conservation biology and animal welfare, both are inextricably linked in many ways, and greater consideration of animal welfare, although important in its own right, also has considerable potential to contribute to conservation success. Nevertheless, animal welfare and animal ethics are not always considered explicitly within conservation practice. We systematically reviewed the recent scientific peer‐reviewed and online gray literature on reintroductions of captive‐bred and wild‐caught animals (mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles) to quantify the occurrence of animal welfare issues. We considered monitoring that could be indicative of the animal's welfare status and supportive management actions that could improve animal welfare (regardless of whether the aim was explicitly animal‐welfare orientated). Potential welfare issues (of variable nature and extent) were recorded in 67% of 199 projects reviewed; the most common were mortality >50%, dispersal or loss of animals, disease, and human conflict. Most (>70%) projects monitored survival, 18% assessed body condition, and 2% monitored stress levels. Animal welfare, explicitly, was referred to in 6% of projects. Supportive actions, most commonly use of on‐site prerelease pens and provision of supplemental food or water, were implemented in 79% of projects, although the extent and duration of support varied. Practitioners can address animal‐welfare issues in reintroductions by considering the potential implications for individual animals at all stages of the release process using the decision tree presented. We urge practitioners to report potential animal‐welfare issues, describe mitigation actions, and evaluate their efficacy to facilitate transparent evaluation of common moral dilemmas and to advance communal strategies for dealing with them. Currently, comparative mortality rates, health risks, postrelease stress, effectiveness of supportive measures, and behavior of individuals warrant further research to improve animal welfare in reintroductions and to increase success of such projects. Ética Conflictiva y Complementaria al Considerar el Bienestar Animal en Reintroducciones     

Multiple environmental burdens and neighborhood-related health of city residents

Urban living environments are known to influence human well-being and health; however, little is known about the multidimensionality of different environmental burdens. The aim of this study is to examine the relations between multiple burdens and self-rated health of city residents in Berlin. A spatial analysis was conducted to determine neighborhood street blocks with high versus low levels of three environmental burdens (traffic noise, air pollution, lack of public green space) as study sites for a cross-sectional household questionnaire. Burden level served as a dichotomous predictor to compare residents' self-reports of neighborhood satisfaction, life satisfaction, health behavior, and psychological and physical health symptoms. Residents from high-burden blocks appraised the environmental conditions more stressful, reported poorer health behavior and were less satisfied with their neighborhood than residents from low-burden blocks. However, they did not differ in regard to more general health symptoms. Three other burdens (behavior-related noise, litter and dirt in public space, lack of urban vegetation), which could not be varied objectively, were assessed by their perceived intensity. Regression analyses of the relations between the perceived levels of all six burdens and outcomes in the total sample revealed the following: Neighborhood satisfaction could be predicted from multiple stressors and resources that co-occur independently, while more general health symptoms were related only to perceived air pollution. The results have implications for both urban planning and public health.     

水不耦合装药对深孔预裂爆破应力波能量的影响

从理论上探讨了在深孔预裂爆破过程中,水不耦合装药对爆轰冲击波的形成和应力波传播规律的影响,利用Matlab编程求解了冲击波初始参数和沿爆破孔径向方向上传播到爆破孔孔壁处的参数;并根据弹性理论提出并求解了正入射情况下爆破孔孔壁表面上的初始冲击压力。在淮南矿业集团丁集矿进行了水不耦合装药深孔预裂爆破实验,并对实验获得的应力波信号进行归一化频谱分析研究。数值计算和现场实验均表明:通过在煤层中进行深孔预裂爆破实验研究发现,当ξ的值为1.5左右时,爆生应力波在10~50Hz内的分能量最强,同时具有最高的信噪比,这与理论计算结果相吻合。因而,在利用煤层爆破强化增透技术时应将不耦合装药系数设计为1.5左右,同时适当加大爆破药柱的用量,以获得最佳的增透效果。     

Real-time irrigation diversion data delivery can benefit adaptive capacity in communal irrigation systems

There is a need to support applied, community-relevant hydrologic research within changing climate, population, and socioeconomic conditions to better inform water policy and management. We hypothesized that providing a rural agricultural community in a semiarid valley with the necessary monitoring tool to meet local water management needs would increase adaptive capacity within the context of long-term drought. Through a community science approach, researchers installed a telemetry monitoring system at participating acequia irrigation diversions that remotely sent water data to a web interface every 15 min. Two surveys distributed before and after web interface access targeted seven adaptive capacity indicators. After the first season of improved data accessibility, the following adaptive capacity indicators significantly increased: information diversity, cognitive social capital, leadership, and proactivity. Rather than focusing on the water savings aspect of real-time monitoring, this paper summarizes a novel water resources study that assessed the social impact of real-time irrigation water delivery monitoring on adaptive capacity. This study suggests that bridging the gap between community need and hydrologic research through community science, sociologic analysis, and stakeholder engagement provides significant benefits for communities facing water management challenges, further supporting problem-driven water resources research.     

淹水调控对互花米草生长的影响

为了研究不同淹水深度和淹水时间胁迫下互花米草的适应能力,设置不同淹水深度(0,10和20 cm)与不同淹水时间(2,4,6,12和24 h/d)处理,以7～10 cm互花米草为试验对象,4个月后统计其生长发育参数与分蘖数,并测定地上部分的生物量.结果表明:①在淹水0,10和20 cm 3组试验之间呈极显著差异(P<0.01),随淹水深度的增加,互花米草分蘖数和地上生物量显著减少;②不同淹水时间各组之间株高呈极显著差异(P<0.01),随淹水时间的增加,互花米草分蘖数和地上生物量相应减少,且一直淹水于20 cm的互花米草全部死亡;③不同淹水时间、淹水深度对互花米草的影响大小主要表现为植株高度系数>叶片相关系数>无性生殖系数.持续淹水是控制互花米草的行之有效的物理措施.      

2010年春西南酷旱的监测与机理分析

针对2010年春季我国西南地区出现的严重干旱,采用MODIS数据和TVDI方法对云南省春季旱情进行了监测,揭示了云南省入春以来的旱情动态变化及旱情分布特点。以TVDI作为旱情评价的指标,并结合气象观测的探空资料、天气图以及ncep月平均气温资料和MODIS数据反演大气含水量,分析了导致云南省春旱的地面温湿特征、大气环流特征及大气能量结构特征,提出了此次干旱特殊的形成机理:大气环流、大气能量结构以及地热蒸发等因素的综合作用导致了严重干旱的发生,这对干旱的监测预警提供了有益探索。     

干旱区云凝结核分布及其影响因子的观测研究

利用DMT CCN仪对宁夏盐池、银川地区地面及高空的云凝结核(CCN)进行实时连续观测.大量资料分析结果表明, CCN日变化明显,受人为因素影响,清晨和傍晚出现高值.夜晚温度与CCN浓度呈正相关,白天相反;强降水对CCN具有一定冲刷作用;沙尘气溶胶没有有效增加盐池地区的CCN浓度.与华北地区比较,银川、盐池地区CCN浓度偏低.此外,研究表明,过饱和度越高,活化CCN浓度越大.根据N=CSK拟合活化谱,银川属于典型大陆性核谱.由于云内清除作用,高空CCN浓度下降明显,但逆温层的存在使得该区CCN浓度累积增加.     

Vegetation competition model for water and light limitation. I: Model description, one-dimensional competition and the influence of groundwater

Vegetation growth models often concentrate on the interaction of vegetation with soil moisture but usually omit the influence of groundwater. However the proximity of groundwater can have a profound effect on vegetation growth, because it strongly influences the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture and therefore water and oxygen stress of vegetation. In two papers we describe the behavior of a coupled vegetation-groundwater-soil water model including the competition for water and light. In this first paper we describe the vegetation model, compare the model to measured flux data and show the influence of water and light competition in one dimension. In the second paper we focus on the influence of lateral groundwater flow and spatial patterns along a hillslope. The vegetation model is based on a biophysical representation of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Transpiration and stomatal conductance depend both on atmospheric forcing and soil moisture content. Carbon assimilation depends on environmental conditions, stomatal conductance and biochemical processes. Light competition is driven by tree height and water competition is driven by root water uptake and its water and oxygen stress reaction. The modeled and measured H₂O and CO₂ fluxes compare well to observations on both a diurnal and a yearly timescale. Using an upscaling procedure long simulation runs were performed. These show the importance of light competition in temperate forests: once a tree is established under slightly unfavorable soil moisture conditions it can not be outcompeted by smaller trees with better soil moisture uptake capabilities, both in dry as in wet conditions. Performing the long simulation runs with a background mortality rate reproduces realistic densities of wet and dry adapted tree species along a wet to dry gradient. These simulations show that the influence of groundwater is apparent for a large range of groundwater depths, by both capillary rise and water logging. They also show that species composition and biomass have a larger influence on the water balance in eco-hydrological systems than soil and groundwater alone.     

铜胁迫对两种地衣植物生理生化特征的影响

以中国树花（Ramalina sinensis Jatta.）和亚花松萝（Usnea subfloridana Stint.）为材料,研究了铜胁迫对这两种地衣植物生理生化特性的影响。结果表明：在Cu2＋的作用下,中国树花和亚花松萝体内叶绿素质量分数和过氧化物酶（POD）活性发生一系列的变化,且表现出明显的剂量效应关系和时间效应关系。随着处理浓度的加大和处理时间的延长,中国树花体内叶绿素质量分数呈现先降后升再降。在处理的48 h,当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.1 mg.mL-1时中国树花体内叶绿素a质量分数下降为0 mg.mL-1时的16.34%,叶绿素总质量分数下降为42.54%,而当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.5 mg.mL-1时叶绿素a质量分数下降为22.95%,叶绿素总质量分数下降为60.39%,亚花松萝体内叶绿素质量分数呈现先升后降的趋势,当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.1 mg.mL-1时,处理48 h后的亚花松萝体内叶绿素质量分数比36 h下降18.82%;当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.5 mg.mL-1时,处理48 h后的亚花松萝体内叶绿素质量分数比36 h下降23.52%。随着处理浓度的加大和处理时间的延长,中国树花过氧化物酶活性呈现上升的趋势,当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.1 mg.mL-1时,处理24、36、48 h后过氧化物酶的活性分别增加为88.1%、64.83%和65.49%;当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.5 mg.mL-1时,分别增加为69.83%、82.05%和82.57%。而亚花松萝过氧化物酶活性呈现先下降后上升等波动性变化,Cu2＋质量浓度为0.1 mg.mL-1时,处理24、36、48 h后过氧化物酶的活性先下降62.56%,后增加7.93%,又下降42.28%;当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.5 mg.mL-1时,比对照组分别下降72.92%、33.49%和62.56%。对比两种地衣植物发现,中国树花体内生理指标的变化较亚花松萝的明显,说明中国树花对铜胁迫反应较敏感,有利于监测重金属铜污染。     

逆境下植物叶性状变化的研究进展

介绍了逆境下植物叶性状变化的研究进展。在逆境下,植物的叶片形态、解剖构造和内含物质等方面产生变化或特化,以保证植物正常的生命活动。解剖构造与树木的抗旱性关系密切,渗透调节是一个重要的抗旱性和抗盐性机制。植物为了减少虫害的发生,采用防卫和逃避相结合的策略保护自己。叶片中午受到强光胁迫时存在明显的＂避光运动＂,栅栏组织的叶绿体通过不同的运动排列方式来调整对光辐射的吸收,减少光胁迫。植物在阴蔽的环境中,通过大的叶面积等方式保证在弱光条件下充分利用光能。在干旱和盐胁迫下,叶片变小或消失,叶片表皮角质化,在叶片或细胞外形成一些机械组织,叶肉质化,白天叶片气孔关闭等方式增加耐盐性。多年生落叶树木和不落叶的植物通过不同的方式增加抗寒力。基因对叶性状的影响尚有争议。叶性状的差异可能是对不同环境的反映,或者是它们的年龄和基因引起的。最后,对叶性状的研究前景作了展望。