六溴环十二烷暴露对红鳍笛鲷脑乙酰胆碱酯酶和组织氧化应激的影响及评价

六溴环十二烷(C_(12)H_(18)Br_6,简称HBCD)是近年来在环境中广受关注的优先污染物和高产量化学品。实验室条件下以红鳍笛鲷为研究对象,选取其脑组织非特异性生物标志物超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(glutathione S-transferases,GST)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)及特异性生物标志物乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,ACh E)为指标研究了不同浓度HBCD溶液(8.6μg·L~(-1)、43.0μg·L~(-1)和215μg·L~(-1))暴露96 h对红鳍笛鲷脑组织的氧化损伤和神经毒性效应,同时结合综合生物标志物响应指数(integrated biomarker responses index,IBR),对HBCD造成的胁迫水平和毒性效应进行评价。结果表明:HBCD对红鳍笛鲷脑组织中SOD活性和GST活性表现出不同程度的诱导效应,其中暴露初期SOD活性与HBCD浓度呈正相关,但随暴露时间延长与HBCD浓度呈负相关;HBCD对MDA含量和ACh E活性表现出诱导或抑制且存在剂量依赖性,低浓度组MDA含量表现为先抑制后诱导的过程,ACh E活性表现为先诱导后抑制;中浓度组MDA含量和ACh E均表现为抑制效应;高浓度组MDA含量表现为先诱导后抑制的过程,ACh E活性表现为先抑制后诱导。IBR分析结果表明4种生物标志物对HBCD胁迫的敏感性分别为SODGSTACh EMDA,且中、高浓度组的胁迫效应最明显。     

代谢组学技术在环境毒理学研究中的应用

代谢组学作为系统生物学的一部分,通过考察机体受刺激后体液或组织中内源性代谢物的动态变化规律,并结合生物信息统计方法,可系统全面地揭示内因和外因作用于机体的毒性效应和机制。代谢组学技术具有快速、灵敏度高、选择性强的特点,逐渐在低剂量环境污染物长期暴露的毒性效应评估方面发挥出优势。本文综述了代谢组学技术的主要研究手段,在毒理学研究中的发展历程和优点,以及在环境毒理学研究中的应用及前景展望。重点讨论了代谢组学技术在重金属和持久性有机污染物(POPs)毒性评估以及环境胁迫耐受性评价中的应用。     

立方体和八面体微/纳米氧化亚铜对大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)的氧化胁迫和生理损伤

为了实现特定的功能和应用,越来越多不同结构特性的纳米材料逐渐被人们精确合成。一些研究指出纳米材料的物理化学特性能够显著影响纳米材料对水生生物的毒性作用,但是对于不同特性的纳米氧化亚铜的毒性研究依然比较缺乏。本研究制备了2种不同形貌和结构的微/纳米氧化亚铜(micro/nano-Cu_2O)晶体,通过对大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)进行72 h的急性暴露实验,测定了大型水蚤体内还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和钠/钾腺苷三磷酸酶(Na+/K+-ATPase)的活性变化。结果表明在2种不同特性的微/纳米氧化亚铜暴露体系中,大型水蚤体内Cu的积累量差别不大,但是不同结构的micro/nano-Cu_2O对大型水蚤抗氧化酶活性和钠/钾腺苷三磷酸酶活性影响存在差别。与立方体相比,八面体micro/nano-Cu_2O能够暴露更多的{111}面,并且其原子排列使其具有较高的表面能量,因此更容易在大型水蚤肠道内诱导产生活性氧(ROS)及溶出更多Cu2+,对大型水蚤产生更强的氧化胁迫和膜损伤。     

夏季风水汽输送对云南夏季旱涝的影响

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心的1961-2002年逐月再分析资料(ERA-40),计算夏季80°E~130°E, 0°~35°N区域内水汽通量及其散度,并使用EOF分解和小波分析等统计方法,对云南夏季水汽通量及其散度的时空特征进行诊断分析,结果表明:云南夏季风降水有两支水汽来源,最强一支来自越赤道气流转向后在孟加拉湾北上形成西南水汽输送,其水汽源地为印度洋、孟加拉湾,反映南亚季风对云南的影响;另一支为副热带高压南侧的东风气流,其源地是西太平洋、南海,反映东亚季风对云南的影响;云南夏季降水的主要水汽通道是南亚夏季风水汽输送。夏季风水汽通量矢量的第一特征向量分布型大致呈反气旋式水汽输送,对应云南夏季降水的一致偏多;水汽通量矢量场第二特征向量的分布大致为气旋式水汽输送,对应云南夏季降水偏少;第三特征向量为气旋式－反气旋式,造成云南夏季降水南北分布差异,反映云南夏季降水的南北差异。第一模态的水汽通量有很强的年际变化,在年代际变化上13~15 a周期较为显著,在年际变化上2~3 a的周期较显著;1960年以来水汽通量呈减少趋势为-0.105 kg(m·s)^-1/a。第二模态的水汽通量呈增加趋势,为0.566 kg(m·s)^-1/a,在年代际变化上11~15 a周期最为显著,从1970年代中期后水汽通量呈2~3 a的周期振荡。夏季异常旱涝年与来自孟加拉湾和南海地区的西南水汽输送的强度及位置有关,并且对流层中层的水汽输送起决定因素。     

基于ANSYS的球型储罐抗震模拟分析

在地震作用下,球型储罐结构由于地震激发引起振动,从而使结构产生随时间变化的位移、速度、加速度、内力和变形。通过ANSYS结构动力学有限元程序对球型储罐结构进行抗震模拟分析,得出球壳与盖板连接区、支柱区域及拉杆区域三种典型的不连续结构及其应力云图,分析对比各区域的应力响应。数值模拟结果对建立健全重大危险源抗震安全体系及化工设施安全投入有着重要的理论意义     

不同pH条件下CdCl2对紫花苜蓿种子萌发的胁迫效应

采用培养皿滤纸萌发试验,研究在3种pH(4.0、6.0和8.0)条件下,不同质量浓度(0、5、10、20、40和80mg/L)的CdCl₂溶液对紫花苜蓿种子萌发的胁迫效应. 结果表明,低质量浓度的CdCl₂(≤20mg/L)显著提高了紫花苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,ρ(CdCl₂)为20mg/L、pH为6.0时活力指数与对照组相比明显增加,达到177.52±16.61;随着ρ(CdCl₂)的提高,CdCl₂对苜蓿幼苗生长的促进效应不断增强,ρ(CdCl₂)为20mg/L时,3种pH条件下的芽鲜质量分别为(6.60±0.11)、(6.68±0.20)和(9.51±0.16)mg,根鲜质量分别为(6.71±0.10)、(7.09±0.08)和(9.10±0.08)mg,达到最大; 当ρ(CdCl₂)达到40和80mg/L时,紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长则受到显著抑制,ρ(CdCl₂)为80mg/L时发芽率和活力指数分别仅为对照组的14.8%和46.5%;ρ(CdCl₂)为80mg/L时芽鲜质量最低,3种pH条件下分别为(3.48±0.15)、(4.03±0.19)和(7.00±0.22)mg. 研究还发现,紫花苜蓿种子发芽率和活力指数随pH降低而降低,弱碱(pH=8.0)条件下紫花苜蓿在ρ(CdCl₂)为80mg/L时的发芽率为66.40%±3.19%,大于酸性条件(pH=4.0、6.0)下的发芽率(11.20%±3.61%、9.20%±4.22%),而活力指数(93.90±10.71)也高于酸性条件(pH=4.0、6.0)下的活力指数(49.77±3.25、56.67±3.48),表明pH由酸性到碱性的变化过程能够缓解CdCl₂对紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的毒性.      

Impact of drought on the ecological and chemical status of surface water and on the content of arsenic and fluoride pollutants of groundwater in the province of Salamanca (Western Spain)

The impact of drought on the ecological and chemical status of surface and groundwaters of the River Tormes (River Duero basin, northwestern Iberian Peninsula) was studied to evaluate the evolution of the quality of the river during its passage through the city of Salamanca (Spain). The Water Quality Index (WQI) of the river revealed that the drought period of 2005 did not significantly affect water chemical quality. However, during the study period differences were found in surface water ecological quality, using phytoplankton quality as AN indicator. These differences may be accentuated as a result of regulation of the River Tormes by the Santa Teresa reservoir. Arsenic and fluoride concentrations were measured in water wells, finding higher arsenic concentrations after the drought period and no correlation between the arsenic and fluoride contents. The results are useful for an overall understanding of potential impact of climate change on the ecological and chemical status of water in regional systems.     

Physiological,biochemical and growth responses of Azolla pinnata to chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin pesticides exposure: a comparative study

Cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos pesticide- (5, 15 and 30 ppm) induced effects on growth, metabolic and antioxidative behaviour of Azolla pinnata were analysed after 96 h of treatment. Growth of A. pinnata was increased by 72–76% over the initial mass under control condition. Further, the growth was decreased by 26 and 30% following treatment with 5 ppm of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos, respectively, compared to control. Whereas, 30 ppm of pesticide treatment caused substantial decrease in biomass accumulation, even less than the initial mass. The Chlorophyll a content was declined at higher concentrations of chlorpyrifos, while carotenoids content increased significantly in the presence of both the pesticides. Photosynthetic rate showed declining trend with rising concentration of pesticides, while an increasing trend was noticed in the case of respiratory O₂ consumption. The oxidative biomarkers malondialdehyde, superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide increased with increasing concentration of both the pesticides. The activity of enzymatic antioxidants enzyme superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was enhanced with increasing concentrations of both the pesticides; however, a declining trend was noticed in the case of APX at 30 ppm chlorpyrifos treatment. The study concludes that chlorpyrifos appeared to be more toxic than cypermethrin; however, both the pesticides significantly reduced the growth performance.     

Metabolic responses of Azolla pinnata to cadmium stress: photosynthesis,antioxidative system and phytoremediation

This present study deals with the growth, photosynthesis, oxidative stress and phytoremediation character of Azolla pinnata L. exposed to different levels (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg·L^?1) of cadmium (Cd). Significant accumulation of Cd in Azolla fronds was noticed after 24 and 96 h of exposure and the accumulation rate was dose and time dependent. Growth of A. pinnata increased significantly after both exposure times with and without metal. At lower Cd doses (0.05 and 0.1 mg·L^?1), growth and photosynthesis of A. pinnata showed a marginal increase over the respective control, however, at higher Cd doses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg·L^?1), a decreasing trend was noticed. At lower doses, Azolla fronds could counterbalance the negative effect of enhanced levels of superoxide radicals (SOR) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) through the greater activity of antioxidative enzymes. The decaresing trends in catalase and peroxidase activity at higher Cd doses suggest that Azolla fronds were not able to mitigate the negative effects of H₂O₂, hence an increase in malondialdehyde content was noticed. The study concludes that up to 0.1 ,mg·L^?1 Cd, A. pinnata can flourish and be used as biofertiliser and for phytoremedial purposes in Cd-contaminated fields; beyond this concentration poor growth may restrict its application.     

Exploring the ‘Birch effect’ in reservoir sediments: influence of inundation history on aerobic nutrient release

The release of nutrients on wetting (‘the Birch effect’) is well documented for terrestrial soils. The effect for aquatic sediments has received much less attention. An extreme drawdown event in a large reservoir during a period of drought presented an opportunity to test whether or not reflooding dried sediments would be a source of nutrients to the overlying water column. Wetting and drying history influences the release of ammonium, but not oxides of nitrogen, organic nitrogen, filterable reactive phosphorus or total phosphorus, from dried sediments following re-wetting. Dried reservoir sediments that have never, or have only rarely, been desiccated since the 1920s produced a pulse of ammonium on re-inundation. Conversely, dried sediments from parts of the reservoir that undergo frequent wetting and drying cycles do not release substantial amounts of ammonium on rewetting.