Characteristics of pollutants behavior in a stormwater constructed wetland during dry days

A stormwater wetland treating non-point source pollution (NPS) from a 64 ha agricultural watershed was monitored over a period of five months. The results indicated that pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were increased in the wetland due to the algal growth. The highest total suspended solids (TSS) concentration was observed in the aeration pond due to the resuspension of solids, decreased in the wetland. The respective decreases in total nitrogen (TN) and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were 15.9% and 28.7% on passing through the wetland. The nitrate and ammonia were increased by 45.4% and decreased by 79.9%, respectively. These variations provided strong evidence for the existence of nitrification. The total phosphorus (TP) and phosphate had respective reductions of 52.3% and 58.2% over the wetland. The total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were also decreased. Generally, the TN, TP and phosphate removal efficiencies were positive. These positive removal efficiencies were mainly due to microbial activities, uptake by plants, and chemical precipitation at high pH. Negative removal efficiencies can be caused by continuous rainfall activities, with short antecedent dry days (ADDs) and unstable hydraulic conditions, some other biogeochemical transformations and algal growth also being important parameters.     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻干物质生产与分配的影响

为促进农田养分循环利用和农业生态环境健康,以粳稻品种运2645为供试材料,设计农田施用水葫芦(将晒干水葫芦按4 500 kg hm-2农田施用)和不施用水葫芦处理(对照),施N量为120 kg hm-2(LN)、240 kg hm-2(NN),研究其对水稻物质生产与分配的影响.结果表明:1)农田施用水葫芦使水稻移栽~分蘖中期、分蘖中期~拔节期、拔节~抽穗期、抽穗期~穗后20 d和穗后20 d~成熟期平均分别比对照8.6%、9.8%、12.2%、15.9%和3.1%,使得成熟期生物产量显著增加(+9.0%);2)与干物质生产量相似,水稻平均叶面积指数(LAI)和净同化率(NAR)对水葫芦处理的响应呈相似的季节性变化趋势,但NAR在穗后20 d~成熟期有所下降;3)农田施用水葫芦对水稻不同生育时期叶片、茎鞘和稻穗占地上部干重的比例影响不大;4)增加施N量能够明显增加水稻的干物质生产量;水葫芦×N的互作效应对水稻干物质生产与分配无明显影响.5)农田施用水葫芦使水稻生育前、中期干物质生产量增幅较大,对生育后期影响相对较小.图5表3参15     

The development of loads of cations, anions, Cd and Pb in precipitation and of atmospheric concentrations of N-components, in Switzerland from 1988 to 2003

This study presents the results of the analyses of Cd, Pb, cations and anions present in precipitation and dust at a pre-alpine and a suburban site in Switzerland in the period from 1988 to 2003. The aim of these measurements was to monitor the success of measures taken to diminish pollutant emissions. No change was found for Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ loads – in line with expectations, as no reducing measures had been taken. Statistically significant and largely decreasing values (50–90%) were found for Cl⁻ and Cd (linked to the fitting of filters in incineration plants), Pb (unleaded petrol), (diminishing the use of mineral oil with high S content), and the proton (lower HCl and SO₂ emissions). A smaller decrease (up to 30%) or none was registered for oxidised nitrogen components (fitting cars with catalytic converters, but an increase in numbers of cars and trucks). No significant change was found for NH₃ as farming techniques had undergone no major changes. The long-term measurements show that the measures taken to reduce emissions were successful. A shorter monitoring period would have been misleading owing to data variability and temporary incidents e.g. amount of precipitation.     

印染污泥干燥过程中挥发分冷凝液的研究

对某印染废水处理厂的污泥进行模拟干燥处理,以产生的挥发分冷凝液为研究对象来考察干燥温度和干燥程度对印染污泥干燥过程中污染物产生的影响。随着干燥温度的升高,挥发分冷凝液COD、NH3-N含量均升高,且在140℃至160℃时升高较快,分别为177～262 mg/L,100～130 mg/L,而pH较稳定。污泥含水率从65%干燥至5%时,挥发分冷凝液的COD、NH3-N含量升高不明显,分别为176～190 mg/L、85～105 mg/L。干燥温度比干燥程度更能影响印染污泥干燥过程中污染物的产生。     

小白菜的干鲜状态对其铅的生物可给性的影响(Effects of Dry and Fresh States of Brassica chinensis on the Oral Bioaccessibility of Lead)

为了研究小白菜的干鲜状态对其铅的生物可给性的影响,设置了对照(不添加铅,本底值为32.37mg·kg-1)、300mg·kg-1和500mg·kg-13种土壤铅浓度处理的盆栽实验,并将收获的小白菜分别以干样和鲜样进行基于生理学的invitro人工胃肠模拟实验,测定其中铅的生物可给性.结果表明:栽种2个月后,小白菜铅含量分别达到0.38mg·kg-1、4.55mg·kg-1和12.50mg·kg-1(干重),对铅的富集系数分别为0.012、0.015和0.025,可能存在较高的健康风险.invitro实验表明:样品干鲜状态、铅浓度处理以及二者的交互效应是影响铅的生物可给性的重要因素.无论干样还是鲜样,铅在胃阶段和小肠阶段的溶解态量均随样品铅含量的增加而线性增加;对于同一铅浓度处理,鲜样中铅的生物可给性无论在胃阶段还是小肠阶段均显著高于干样(p<0.01).使用干样进行健康风险评价可能会低估小白菜中的铅对人体的健康风险.     

A conceptual model for assessing ecological risk to water quality function of bottomland hardwood forests

Ecological risk assessment provides a methodology for evaluating the threats to ecosystem function associated with environmental perturbations or stressors. This report documents the development of a conceptual model for assessing the ecological risk to the water quality function (WQF) of bottomland hardwood riparian ecosystems (BHRE) in the Tifton-Vidalia upland (TVU) ecoregion of Georgia. Previus research has demonstrated that mature BHRE are essential to maintaining water quality in this portion of the coastal plain. The WQF of these ecosystems is considered an assessment endpoit—an ecosystem function or set of functions that society chooses to value as evidenced by laws, regulations, or common usage. Stressors operate on ecosystems at risk through an exposure scenario to produce ecological effects that are linked to loss of the desired function or assessment end point. The WQF of BHRE is at risk because of the ecological and environmental quality effects of a suite of chemical, physical, and biological stressors. The stressors are related to nonpoint source pollution from adjacent land uses, especially agriculture; the conversion of BHRE to other land uses; and the encroachment of domestic animals into BHRE. Potential chemical, physical, and biological stressors to BHRE are identified, and the methodology for evaluating appropriate exposure scenarios is discussed. Field-scale and watershed-scale measurement end points of most use in assessing the effects of stressors on the WQF are identified and discussed. The product of this study is a conceptual model of how risks to the WQF of BHRE are produced and how the risk and associated uncertainties can be quantified.     

北京市2015年森林植被区PM10质量浓度时空变化特征

以北京市大兴区南海子公园植被区与亦庄非植被区为研究对象,对比分析了植被区与非植被区PM₁₀质量浓度日变化、月变化特征及典型天气条件下的变化.结果表明：PM₁₀浓度的日变化趋势基本相同,呈典型的双峰曲线,春、夏季的峰值出现在9：00-10：00和18：00-19：00,秋、冬季的峰值出现在8：00-9：00和18：00-19：00,且秋、冬季PM₁₀浓度高于春、夏季;植被区与非植被区的PM₁₀月变化趋势基本一致,植被区PM₁₀浓度低于非植被区,且2月份PM₁₀浓度最大;各季节优良天气排序为夏季（42.60%）> 秋季（31.10%）> 春季（26.43%）> 冬季（15.17%）,中度及以上污染天气所占比例排序为冬季（55.52%）> 春季（27.57%）> 秋季（17.77%）> 夏季（3.58%）;PM₁₀浓度随降雨强度的增加呈减小的变化趋势,雨前12 h的PM₁₀浓度均值表现为植被区（106.43 μg·m^-3）<非植被区（157.39 μg·m^-3）,雨后12 h的PM₁₀浓度均值表现为植被区（50.96 μg·m^-3）>非植被区（38.41 μg·m^-3）;PM₁₀浓度随风速的增大呈减小的变化趋势,风后12 h的非植被区PM₁₀浓度削减率均值是植被区的1.23倍,且PM₁₀浓度削减率均处于较高水平;PM₁₀浓度随空气湿度的增大呈增大的变化趋势,随温度的升高呈减小的变化趋势.研究结果对进一步治理和控制北京市大气污染有参考价值.     

黑水河干旱河谷沿程土壤物理参数梯度变化特征研究

横断山区干旱河谷是具有典型的旱季和雨季的特殊气候特征的区域,本区域土壤退化和荒漠化极大制约了区域农业的发展。本文研究了金沙江干热河谷区支流黑水河从源头到河口未扰动土壤的物理参数变化特征。结果表明,沿河土壤物理呈现不同变化趋势,砾石在中游部分河段和河口段高,而〉5mm团聚体的变化则相反;5～1mm的团聚体变化不大;〈1mm团聚体河口和源头段高于其余地段;土壤容重沿程增大,非饱和导水率源头地段土壤最高。本研究初步揭示了干旱河谷土壤不均匀,不同水热条件及其组合可能对退化程度有至关重要的影响。这表明横断山区不同的干旱河谷地段土壤和植被退化途径、退化特征和退化过程不同,开发和治理途径与方式也应当不同。     

区域土壤重金属空间分布驱动因子影响力比较案例分析

土壤重金属空间分布受到自然和人为驱动因子的共同影响,识别并评价各驱动因子对土壤重金属空间分布的影响力,对解析区域土壤重金属污染源、研究重金属迁移规律以及探明重金属空间分布模式具有重要意义.为研究不同自然和人类活动背景下各驱动因子对土壤重金属空间分布影响的差异性,并寻找在异质背景下的高影响力因子,采用地理探测器和随机森林模型,以贵州省安顺市作为土壤重金属高背景值典型地区、辽宁省葫芦岛市作为人类活动高强度典型地区,探讨市域尺度下土壤pH、地面累年值年值气温、坡度、海拔、地面累年值年值降水量（08:00）、夜间灯光指数和县GDP这7个驱动因子的空间分异性,及其对研究区内5种重金属（As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb）空间分布的单独及交互驱动力强度.结果表明:安顺市As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb这5种重金属的质量分数平均值均高于葫芦岛市,但w（Hg）差异不明显;在市域内采样点平均间距为10 km的尺度下,安顺市和葫芦岛市土壤重金属分布受到自然因子的影响程度均强于人为因子;在异质环境背景下,安顺市和葫芦岛市土壤pH、海拔和县GDP的驱动能力较稳定,并且是对土壤重金属分布影响能力最大的3个因子,适宜在上述地区作为土壤重金属含量多元非线性回归模型的通用参数.研究显示,基于地理探测器的因子驱动力评价方法可以应用于评价其他因子对土壤重金属含量空间分布影响力,以及用于土壤重金属含量回归方程自变量的选择.      

Influence of furfural concentration on growth and ethanol yield of Saccharomyces kluyveri

Furfural is an important inhibitor in ethanol fermentation process using lignocellulosic hydrolysates as raw materials.In order to find out the fuffural concentration range in which furfural inhibits the fermentation process,we used one strain Saccharomyces kluyveri selected from soil and cultured in several different furfural content media under low glucose concentration condition.Experiment results showed that microorganism growth was stimulated and dry cell weight decreased when furfural concentration in the medium was 0.25 mg/ml.Furfural had negative effect on cell growth when its concentration was above 1.00 mg/ml.At the same time,the strain growed better and had a higher glucose consumption rate in 5% original glucose concentration condition than in 3% original glucose concentration condition.The results showed that appropriate exaltation of original glucose concentration in stalk hydrolysates will increase the strain resistance to furfural.