Atmospheric Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen on Turf Grassland in Central Japan: Comparison of the Contribution of Wet and Dry Deposition

The atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen on turf grassland in Tsukuba, central Japan, was investigated from July 2003 to December 2004. The target components were ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite ions for wet deposition and gaseous ammonia, nitric and nitrous acids, and particulate ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite for dry deposition. Organic nitrogen was also evaluated by subtracting the amount of inorganic nitrogen from total nitrogen. A wet-only sampler and filter holders were used to collect precipitation and the atmospheric components, respectively. An inferential method was applied to calculate the dry deposition velocity of gases and particles, which involved the effects of surface wetness and ammonia volatilization through stomata on the dry deposition velocity. The mean fraction of the monthly wet to total deposition was different among chemical species; 37, 77, and 1% for ammoniacal, nitrate-, and nitrite-nitrogen, respectively. The annual deposition of inorganic nitrogen in 2004 was 47 and 48 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ for wet and dry deposition, respectively; 51% of atmospheric deposition was contributed by dry deposition. The annual wet deposition in 2004 was 20, 27, and 0.07 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹, and the annual dry deposition in 2004 was 35, 7.4, and 5.4 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ for ammoniacal, nitrate-, and nitrite-nitrogen, respectively. Ammoniacal nitrogen was the most important reactive nitrogen because of its remarkable contribution to both wet and dry deposition. The median ratio of the organic nitrogen concentration to total nitrogen was 9.8, 17, and 15% for precipitation, gases, and particles, respectively.     

Use of an In Situ Erosion Flume for Measuring Stability of Sediment Deposits in Hamilton Harbour,Canada

An in situ erosion flume was used to measure the stability of sediment deposits in Hamilton Harbour, Ontario, Canada. The flume consists of a rectangular duct with an opening at the bottom. A submerged pump attached to the downstream end of the flume circulates the ambient water through the flume, thereby generating turbulent shear flows inside the flume. When the flume rests on a sediment deposit, the exposed part of the sediment deposit is subjected to the flow shear stress. By applying a continually increasing flow shear stress on the sediment deposit and by measuring the amount of sediment erosion, it is possible to assess the erosional stability of the sediment deposits. An under water video camera was mounted on the flume to get visual images of the sediment erosion process. The flume was used at two sites in the Harbour. The erosional resistances measured by the flume for the two sites were different. Measurement of dry density of the sediment deposits using an ultrasonic device was carried out to explain the differences in the stability of sediment deposits from the two sites.     

NID循环半干法烟气脱硫装置脱硫效率的分析

从NID循环半干法烟气脱硫机理的基础上,推导了脱硫效率的表达式。并对主要影响因素(Ca/S,相对湿度)与脱硫效率的关系进行了回归分析,建立了数学模型,为NID循环半干法脱硫装置的设计、运行和脱硫效率的预测提供了依据。     

烧结烟气干法脱硫副产物理化性质及应用探索

简述钢铁行业烧结烟气干法脱硫工艺及国外干法脱硫副产物综合利用的现状,对干法脱硫副产物的理化性质进行测试分析,并对其在国内的应用作以探索性研究,重点分析了脱硫副产物制备蒸压砖的研究成果。     

典型酸雨城市降水、降尘中阴阳离子分布特征及其相关性

对贵州省都匀市2013年3月—2014年2月降水和降尘样品的p H值及主要阴阳离子(NH+4、K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4)进行测定,分析其分布规律及相应离子之间的相关性.结果表明,降水和降尘水溶液p H的加权平均值分别是5.47、5.06.Ca2+、SO2-4是降水和降尘的主要离子,均值分别是141.29μeq·L-1、191.67μeq·L-1,52022.33 mg·kg-1、87590.52 mg·kg-1.降水和降尘中的总离子浓度、[SO2-4]/[NO-3]、[SO2-4+NO-3]/[Ca2++NH+4]以及NH+4、K+、Na+、F-、NO-3、SO2-4浓度在冬季达到最大,且其[SO2-4]/[NO-3]均都大于3,表明都匀市酸雨类型仍为燃煤型.从季节的变化上看,降水和降尘中的NH+4、K+、Na+、F-、SO2-4、Ca2+、Mg2+存在明显的相关性,相关系数|r|﹥0.70.降水和降尘中[SO2-4+NO-3]/[Ca2++NH+4]表现出相似的季节变化规律,[SO2-4+NO-3]/[Ca2++NH+4]与p H相关系数|r|﹥0.80,与降雨量、污染物来源、能源使用等有关.     

含油率对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵的影响

餐厨垃圾含油率高,且随着地域的变化有显著差别,含油率的高低对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产气有一定影响.在中温(35℃)和高温(55℃)条件下,研究了不同含油率(0、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%)对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵过程中日产气量、累计产气量、总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)及甲烷产量的影响.结果表明:在中温和高温条件下,当含油率为6%时,200 g餐厨垃圾的累计产气量达最大值,分别为1391.6 m L和2165.9 m L.此时,TS和VS的去除率也最高,中温时去除率分别为29.4%(TS)和33.9%(VS),高温时去除率分别为33.2%(TS)和38.0%(VS).在餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵过程中,甲烷的产量占可燃气的体积分数逐渐升高.在中温厌氧发酵条件下,含油率为10%的餐厨垃圾发酵进行到26 d时,甲烷的体积分数最高,为80.5%.在高温干式厌氧发酵条件下,含油率为10%的餐厨垃圾发酵进行到23 d时,甲烷的体积分数最高,为84.2%.     

上推流厌氧反应器连续干发酵猪粪产沼气试验研究

为解决猪粪连续干发酵存在的氨抑制和出料难等难题,在温度(25±2)℃、有机负荷为干物质(TS)4.44 g.(L.d)-1的条件下,采用上推流式厌氧反应器(UPAR)对猪粪进行连续干式发酵试验,研究了猪粪干发酵过程的产气情况、氨抑制现象和出料流动性,并考察了上推流厌氧反应器进行猪粪干发酵的可行性.试验采用4种不同TS质量分数(20%、25%、30%、35%)的猪粪作为原料,经160 d的运行.结果表明,进料TS质量分数对发酵过程有很大的影响,4种不同进料TS质量分数稳定的池容产气率分别为2.40、1.73、0.89、0.62 L.(L.d)-1,进料TS质量分数为20%、25%和30%的产气效率明显优于进料TS=35%的产气效率.随着进料TS质量分数从20%增加到35%,氨氮质量浓度>2 300 mg.L-1会出现明显的产气抑制.在进料TS=35%时,氨氮质量浓度能达到3 800 mg.L-1,产气速率相对于进料TS=20%递减74.1%.当进料TS达到35%、出料TS质量分数达到17.1%、流速<0.002 m.s-1时,UPAR不能顺利出料.     

干水在热环境中的持续作用效果研究*

为研究干水对建筑火灾中高聚物燃烧产生的热危害和烟气危害的影响,采用火焰传播量热仪（FPA）模拟建筑火灾扑灭后的持续热环境,对灭火过程中过量施加的干水对可燃高聚物的持续作用效果进行研究。结果表明:干水能够明显提升可燃物的抗复燃性能以及削弱燃烧过程中的热危害和烟气危害;相比于纯燃料,干水作用下可燃物的点燃时间出现明显的延迟,并且热释放速率和一氧化碳生成速率明显降低,尤其在可燃物燃烧初期,干水还具有显著的抑制烟气生成速率的效果。研究结果可为灾后消防人员的搜救和被困人员的逃生提供一种新的技术方案。     

Evaluating the influence of nature connection and values on conservation attitudes at a tropical deforestation frontier

Inner phenomena, such as personal motivations for pursuing sustainability, may be critical levers for improving conservation outcomes. Most conservation research and policies, however, focus on external phenomena (e.g., ecological change or economic processes). We explored the factors shaping 9 conservation attitudes toward forest and wildlife protection among colonist farmers around an Amazonian deforestation frontier. Our data comprised 241 face-to-face quantitative surveys, complemented with qualitative insights from open-ended questionnaire responses and opportunistic semistructured interviews. To account for the full spectrum of possible inner motivations, we employed measures of nature connection (indicating biospheric motivation) and personal values organized around the traditionalism (traditionalist through to high openness to change) and universalism dimensions (egoistic through to altruistic motivations). We used averaged beta-binomial generalized linear models to assess the role of external factors (socioeconomic, sociodemographic, and environmental) and personal (inner) motivations on the variation in attitudes. Each attitude was modeled separately. The relative importance of each predictor was judged by the proportion of models where it appeared as significant. Proconservation views were expressed by the majority (at least 65%) of the respondents in 7 out of the 9 attitude models. The most consistent predictors were emotional nature connection and personal values (significant in 4–6 out of 9 models), rather than external phenomena (significant in 0–5 models). However, the poorest farmers had lower scores on the agreement with prioritizing nature over development (𝛽 = –0.52, 95% CI: –0.96 to –0.07). Qualitative data also indicated that economic barriers hinder forest conservation on farms. These results suggest that biospheric, traditionalistic, and altruistic motivations promote people's proconservation attitudes, but nurturing these latent motivations is unlikely to improve conservation outcomes if material poverty remains unaddressed. Integrating the inner–outer perspective into conservation thinking and practical interventions could foster environmental stewardship and increase human well-being.     

施肥对印楝人工林生长及土壤肥力的影响

以3年生印楝人工林为研究对象,对该林分所在的林地进行施肥试验,设置了9个施肥处理和一个不施肥对照,运用当年树高和胸径生长量、土壤养分和生物指标讨论了施肥对干热河谷印楝人工林生长及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:(1)3年生印楝人工林树高和胸径生长对施肥的反应存在差异,方差分析和多重比较表明,单施氮肥(处理1、处理2、处理3)和混合施肥(处理7、处理8、处理9)的当年胸径生长量均与对照处理差异显著,而当年树高生长量差异不显著;(2)合理施肥不仅可改善土壤酸碱性和土壤微环境,增强土壤酶活性和提高土壤微生物数量,还可提高林地土壤肥力,防治印楝人工林地力衰退;(3)不同施肥处理对林地土壤肥力的影响不同,氮、磷肥混施是提高林地土壤肥力综合指数最好的施肥方式。