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381.
分析盐雾交变试验设备的功能和实际使用情况,得出其参数测量可依据的相关标准。基于盐雾污染影响干湿球法测量湿度的事实,提示湿度测量时应注意盐雾污染。分析干湿球系数对干湿球法测量湿度的影响和通风速度对干湿球系数的影响,提示对采用自然空气对流恒温恒湿的盐雾交变试验设备的湿度测量,注意干湿球系数A值对湿度测量的影响。同时,对空气自然对流的干湿球湿度表的干湿球系数A值的标定,提出一种简易的方法。 相似文献
382.
Shelagh Yanni Kevin Keys Thomas A. Clair Paul A. Arp 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(3):619-631
ABSTRACT: We examined hydrogeochemical records for a dozen watersheds in and near Kejimkujik National Park in southwestern Nova Scotia by relating stream ion concentrations and fluxes to atmospheric deposition, stream type (lake inlet versus outlet; brown versus clear water), and watershed type (catchment area, topography, soils, and dominant forest cover type). We found that fog and dry deposition make important contributions to S, N, Cl, H, Ca, Mg, K, and Na inputs into these watersheds. Seasalt chloride deposition from rain, snow, fog, and dry deposition equal total stream outputs on a region‐wide basis. Chloride outputs, however, differ among watersheds by a factor of about two, likely due to local differences in air flow and vegetational fog interception. We found that most of the incoming N is absorbed by the vegetation, as stream water NO3‐ and NH4+ are very low. Our results also show that the vegetation and the soils absorb about half of the incoming SO42. In comparison with other North American watersheds with similar forest vegetation, Ca outputs are low, while Mg and K outputs are similar to other regions. Soil exchangeable Ca and soil cation exchange capacity are also very low. We found that first‐order forest streams with no upstream lakes have a distinct seasonal pattern that neither corresponds with the seasonal pattern of atmospheric deposition, nor with the seasonal pattern of downstream lake outlets. 相似文献
383.
长春市城区重金属大气干湿沉降特征 总被引:18,自引:3,他引:15
为弄清长春市城区重金属大气干湿沉降特征,于2006年5月26日—2007年6月12日采用被动采样技术分采暖期和非采暖期共收集大气干湿沉降样品24件,采用全谱直读电感藕合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和原子荧光光度法(AFS),分析了其w(As),w(Hg),w(Cd),w(Cu),w(Pb),w(Zn)和w(Cr). 结果表明:长春市大气干湿沉降样品中w(As),w(Cd),w(Cr),w(Cu),w(Hg),w(Pb)和w(Zn)分别为38.9,2.24,92.3,76.2,0.27,115.2和462 mg/kg,均明显高于表层土壤,且w(Cu),w(Hg),w(Pb)和w(Zn)在采暖期均显著低于非采暖期;经估算,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Pb和Zn大气年干湿沉降量的平均值分别为4.79,0.25,10.67,8.22,0.030,12.31和48.15 mg/(m2·a),明显高于北美和欧洲,且As,Cd和Cr在采暖期的日均干湿沉降量高于非采暖期;根据目前的重金属大气干湿沉降速率估算,重金属大气干湿沉降有可能造成长春市表层土壤中重金属不同程度的累积,其中Zn的累积最为明显. 相似文献
384.
385.
通过对新疆12个监测点氮沉降研究结果发现,无机活性氮浓度(p NH 4+、p NO 3-、NH 3、NO 2)在不同生态系统存在较大的时空差异,氮沉降通量变化随人为干扰程度呈递增趋势。总结了当前新疆大气氮沉降监测研究进展,包括主要监测方法、不同生态系统大气氮素干沉降的时空差异性分析、大气氮素干湿沉降通量估算。对大气氮素干湿沉降通量的整体估算、不同生态系统的监测常态化等还存在不足,未来评估氮沉降的综合气候效应、定量临界负荷以及生态系统对氮沉降通量急剧增加的响应是今后研究的重点方向。 相似文献
386.
The lower reaches of the Heihe River, in northwestern China, is characterised by unique local edaphic conditions that have influenced the development of local desert riparian forests. This study examines the variations in spatial variation patterns to reveal the relationships between plant species diversity and soil moisture/salinity/texture gradients at different soil depths, providing insights into the management and restoration of vegetation in ecosystems in the study area. The species–environmental relationships are investigated by redundancy analysis based on the plant species diversity matrix and the edaphic gradient matrix. A survey of 61 sampling plots identified 37 plant species in the study area. The distribution pattern of the plant species diversity are mainly affected by soil moisture, soil salinity, and soil texture at different soil depths. These edaphic factors are able to explain 98.47% of the total variation in the analysed vegetation dataset. Soil moisture, salinity, and texture content vary in terms of both the soil depths and the vegetation types in the study area. The plant community Class IV, xeric shrub, has the lowest soil water content among different vegetation types. The surface soil salinity differs for different plants and follows the order: Sophora alopecurides?>?Tamarix chinensis?>?Populus euphratica. 相似文献
387.
Evrendilek F Berberoglu S Taskinsu-Meydan S Yilmaz E 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,119(1-3):527-543
Abstact Aboveground biomass, aboveground litterfall, and leaf litter decomposition of five indigenous tree stands (pure stands ofPinus brutia,Pinus nigra,Cedrus libani,Juniperus excelsa, and a mixed stand ofAbies cilicica,P. nigra, andC. libani) were measured in an eastern Mediterranean evergreen needleleaf forest of Turkey. Measurements were converted to regional scale estimates of carbon (C) stocks and fluxes of forest ecosystems, based on general non-site-specific allometric relationships. Mean C stock of the conifer forests was estimated as 97.8± 79 Mg C ha−1consisting of 83.0 ± 67 Mg C ha−1in the aboveground and 14.8 ± 12 Mg C ha−1in the belowground biomass. The forest stands had mean soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) stocks of 172.0 ± 25.7 Mg C ha−1and 9.2 ± 1.2 Mg N ha−1, respectively. Mean total monthly litterfall was 376.2± 191.3 kg C ha−1, ranging from 641 ± 385 kg C ha−1forPinus brutiato 286 ± 82 kg C ha−1forCedrus libani. Decomposition rate constants (k) for pine needles were 0.0016 forCedrus libani, 0.0009 forPinus nigra, 0.0006 for the mixed stand, and 0.0005 day−1forPinus brutiaand
Juniperus excelsa. Estimation of components of the C budgets revealed that the forest ecosystems were net C sinks, with a mean sequestration rate of 2.0 ± 1.1 Mg C ha−1 yr−1ranging from 3.2 ± 2 Mg C ha−1forPinus brutiato 1.6 ± 0.6 Mg C ha−1forCedrus libani. Mean net ecosystem productivity (NEP) resulted in sequestration of 98.4 ± 54.1 Gg CO2 yr−1from the atmosphere when extrapolated for the entire study area of 134.2 km2(Gg = 109 g). The quantitative C data from the study revealed the significance of the conifer Mediterranean forests as C sinks 相似文献
388.
389.
太湖氮磷大气干湿沉降时空特征 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
为了探索太湖氮磷营养盐干湿沉降特征及对太湖营养盐输入的贡献,于2011年不同季节采集太湖不同位点的大气干湿沉降样品,分析干湿沉降中氮(N)和磷(P)的形态和沉降量。研究结果表明,输入太湖的磷以干沉降为主,而氮以湿沉降为主。在太湖干沉降中总无机氮(TIN)占总氮(TN)的77.1%,溶解性磷(DIP)占总磷(TP)的77.9%。干沉降中TIN主要以NH+4-N为主。西太湖是TN与TP通过大气干湿沉降输入太湖的最高湖区。太湖全年大气TN沉降总量为20 978 t,TP沉降总量为1 268 t,因此,氮磷大气干湿沉降是太湖营养盐输入的重要来源之一。 相似文献
390.
Thöni L Seitler E Meier M Zürcher F Hertz J 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,138(1-3):207-218
This study presents the results of the analyses of Cd, Pb, cations and anions present in precipitation and dust at a pre-alpine
and a suburban site in Switzerland in the period from 1988 to 2003. The aim of these measurements was to monitor the success
of measures taken to diminish pollutant emissions. No change was found for Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Mg2+ loads – in line with expectations, as no reducing measures had been taken. Statistically significant and largely decreasing
values (50–90%) were found for Cl− and Cd (linked to the fitting of filters in incineration plants), Pb (unleaded petrol), (diminishing the use of mineral oil with high S content), and the proton (lower HCl and SO2 emissions). A smaller decrease (up to 30%) or none was registered for oxidised nitrogen components (fitting cars with catalytic
converters, but an increase in numbers of cars and trucks). No significant change was found for NH3 as farming techniques had undergone no major changes. The long-term measurements show that the measures taken to reduce emissions
were successful. A shorter monitoring period would have been misleading owing to data variability and temporary incidents
e.g. amount of precipitation. 相似文献