长江三角洲地区1980~2009年灰霾分布特征及影响因子

选取中国长江三角洲地区38个观测站1980~2009年的地面观测资料和2001~2009年国家环境保护总局公布的空气污染指数(API)数据,统计分析了长江三角洲地区近30年灰霾分布情况.计算了观测站点的消光系数并进行了两次订正,给出了其季均值和年均值分布情况,讨论了3个典型站(南京、杭州和合肥)的能见度与灰霾日数、干消光系数和API之间的关系.结果表明,近30年来,长江三角洲地区的灰霾日数整体呈增长趋势,有71%的站点灰霾日数的年平均增长率大于零.订正后的消光系数冬季高,夏季低.南京、杭州和合肥灰霾日数与干消光系数的增长趋势一致,在霾日,南京、杭州和合肥三地,能见度与API呈负相关,其相关性随相对湿度的增加而增强.     

广州市南沙区海岸防护林群落构建技术研究

森林是稳固和改善生态环境的重要载体,因其能提供巨大的生态服务功能而备受各国政府和学界的关注。珠江三角洲地区城市化进程的步伐逐渐加快,带来一系列环境问题。以广州市南沙区海岸景观防护林（也即河涌水网林、公路隔离林、海岸防风林）建设为例,主要研究了防护林的关键构建模式、林分群落结构等方面内容。结果显示,采用多层次的乔灌草配置,遵循适地适树的原则,以本土树种为主,搭配部分优良的引进树种,采取适合的营林措施,可构建出具有一定防护功能的人工林群落。广州南沙防护林建设是珠三角地区城市森林建设的一个缩影和代表,为我国南方城市森林建设理论的创建提供了一定的参考经验。破解城市化危机,创建宜居城市环境,实现城市可持续发展,应综合考虑城市的人口集中程度,经济发展规模,环境污染模式,针对具体的水分、气候和土壤等要素,运用多学科理论和技术,制定合适的森林构建模式,并需要政府、社会组织、以及公众的协同努力。     

Environmental implications of tropical deforestation

SUMMARY

Forests are fundamental and vital components of the world ecosystems. The essential links between forest and man are now receiving renewed and urgent attention, and there is increasing awareness that the value of forests to life on Earth is beyond economic value, and should be above political considerations. Tropical forests, generally marked out by richness in species, are found in more than 80 countries and account for roughly one-third of the world's forest cover. They encompass a wide variety of forest types found under diverse environmental conditions — from lush, constantly wet rain forests to arid thorn woodlands. These forests have been estimated to cover about 1715 million hectares in Africa alone. They have provided habitats for wildlife and wood, fibre, food and many other products to generations of mankind and are invaluable genetic resources of plants. Rapid population growth has, however, resulted in increasing the pressure on these forests, with a consequent decline in their qualitative and quantitative values. Throughout the world, forest lands have been cleared extensively for agriculture, and deforestation continues today. In the tropics, 10–25 million ha are being lost each year, with Africa alone losing 4–5 million ha annually. It has been estimated that, at this rate, the remaining tropical forest would disappear in 60–80 years; thereby leading to catastrophic environmental changes. The serious impact of these changes on the environment and on human needs is awakening world attention, and alarming consequences have sometimes been suggested. This paper highlights the major causes of tropical deforestation and its environmental consequences. Possible efforts to arrest the unpleasant trend are discussed.     

Land-use planning for sustainable resource development in Kumaon Lesser Himalaya—a study of the Gomti watershed

SUMMARY

The Lesser Himalaya, as the most densely populated part of the tectonically active and ecologically sensitive Himalayan mountain ranges, deserves specific attention to the conservation of the environment and the sustainable development of natural resources. Rapid growth of the human population during recent years, and the absence of any viable means of livelihood other than uneconomic crop farming have led to the uncontrolled exploitation of land areas and the consequent degradation and depletion of critical biophysical resources in the region. The need for sustainable development in Himalaya, therefore, makes it imperative to adopt a comprehensive land-use policy based on land capacity analysis that is scientific and practical. The main objective of this paper is to evolve an optimal land-use framework for the Gomti Watershed, situated in Kumaon, Lesser Himalaya. A detailed study of the traditional land use, regional agricultural system and the areas prone to environmental hazards was made throughout the watershed, through the preparation of large scale topographical forest and land record maps, field surveys and mapping. The average slope was considered as the principal parameter of land capacity, the potential for landslides and the intensity of erosion. Recognising the drastic changes that have taken place in the traditional land use, the watershed area has been proposed to be defined as protected forests (33.41%), community forests (32.86%), cultivation (23.33%) and horticulture (8.30%).     

白洋淀湿地补水的生态效益评估

对白洋淀在特别枯水年情况下,设计按最小生态水位补水、按适宜生态水位补水和不补水3种方案,对补水后湿地各类生态服务功能相比不补水(即只使用白洋淀湿地生态水权提供入淀径流)产生的变化进行计算,并运用市场价值法、类比法和影子工程法等方法,对各类服务功能变化的经济价值进行评估,得出白洋淀湿地补水的生态效益价值.结果表明:白洋淀湿地按最小和适宜生态水位补水,补水量分别为12 610×104和26 819×104 m3,补水的生态效益价值分别为57 036× 104和135 646× 104元,其中间接使用价值分别为52 255× 104和124 244× 104元,分别是直接使用价值的10.93和10.90倍;按最小和适宜生态水位补水,单位补水量的生态效益分别为4.5和5.1元·m-3,2种方案补水的生态效益都很显著.     

基于CMAQ模式的中国大气BaP迁移转化模拟研究

在空气质量模式CMAQ中增加了对大气中苯并[a]芘(BaP)传输、转化和沉降过程的模拟,新增了BaP气相/颗粒相间分配模式(K_OA吸收模式)以及BaP化学转换,并采用该模型模拟了2014年1、4、7、10月四个季节代表月中国大气中BaP的浓度以及干湿沉降通量的空间分布特征.模拟结果与部分地区的实测数据进行了初步对比验证,结果显示BaP浓度的模拟值和测量值的量级基本一致,其比值基本在1~2个量级范围内,表明模拟结果处于可接受的范围.基于模型结果,还探讨了BaP浓度与沉降季节变化特征与人为源排放的紧密联系,说明湿沉降是BaP最主要的沉降途径.BaP沉降的空间分布与其排放源和浓度具有密切的联系,并且具有长距离输送的特征等.     

渭河流域硅藻群落特征及水生态健康评价

为比较丰水期和枯水期硅藻群落结构特征的差异性,对渭河流域进行水生态健康评价,于2012年10月(丰水期)和2013年4月(枯水期)对渭河流域60个采样点进行调查. 结果表明,丰水期共采集到硅藻221种,枯水期为148种. 多响应置换过程结果显示,渭河水系、泾河水系和北洛河水系硅藻群落存在显著性差异. 丰水期渭河水系和北洛河水系硅藻丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数平均值分别为30、3.05、0.63和37、3.42、0.66,显著高于枯水期的23、2.11、0.46和23、2.52、0.56. 泾河水系丰水期和枯水期硅藻参数无显著性差异. 典范对应分析结果表明:丰水期影响渭河水系、泾河水系和北洛河水系硅藻群落结构的主要环境因子为Flux(流量)、ρ(SS)和ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体);枯水期主要影响因子分别为ρ(NH₄+)、ρ(SS)和Hard(硬度). 应用硅藻生物完整性评价法(D-IBI)和生物硅藻指数法(BDI)对渭河流域进行健康评价,其结果显示,渭河流域丰水期和枯水期整体健康状况一般,渭河水系上游及右岸支流、泾河水系源头及北洛河水系中游地区健康状况较好,渭河水系下游、泾河水系中下游以及北洛河水系上游和下游地区健康状况较差.      

新型干法水泥生产中二恶英减排的环境技术经济研究

分析了水泥生产过程中多氯二苯并对二恶英和多氯二苯并呋喃(以下简称“二恶英”)的产生机理和国内外排放情况,针对我国部分新型干法水泥窑生产工艺二恶英排放偏高和窑炉能效偏低的问题,选择典型的新型干法水泥窑,开展了二恶英、常规污染物排放情况监测和能效检测及诊断,提出了二恶英协同减排措施,实施了有针对性的技术改造,并对改造后的排放和能效改进情况、环境和经济效益进行了系统评估. 结果表明:采用提高能效、充分燃烧、快速冷却废气及确保进入除尘器的废气温度低于200 ℃等二恶英减排最佳可行技术,烟气中二恶英的量降低了91.8%,单位熟料的能耗水平降低了2.08%;同时,颗粒物等常规污染物和二氧化碳等温室气体也实现了协同减排. 企业通过节能和余热利用获取了经济效益.      

大清河人工快速渗滤系统示范工程效果分析

以滇池流域受污染的大清河为研究对象,开展了人工快速渗滤系统（CRI）示范工程研究,根据气候条件、进水水质和运行工艺分为6个工况,以探索污染负荷和工艺参数对CRI运行性能的影响。实验结果表明：水力负荷2 m.d-1、湿干比1：1是该示范工程运行的最优工艺条件。CRI系统对有机物（COD）的平均去除率范围17.42%～63.75%;对氨氮去除效果受进水水质影响,高、低污染负荷下NH3-N去除率分别为56.71%、85.48%;CRI示范工程硝化作用较强,反硝化能力较弱,对TN的平均去除率范围为10.69%～28.29%;CRI示范工程对TP的平均去除率为27.62%,最佳工艺条件下为50.23%。CRI系统可通过对填料进行优化组合、适当增大饱水带高度,强化除磷脱氮能力。     

保水剂在干旱河谷造大中的应用研究

针对在岷江上游干旱河谷土壤水分状况是坡地植被恢复的主要限制因子的现状,对保水剂在干旱河谷造林中的应用进行了试验研究,结果表明,sk-4保水剂质量分数(w)在5×10-4～1×10-2范围内,保水剂的持水和供水能力随着浓度的增加而提高,但过高质量分数的保水剂使用后未发现土壤有效供水能力的提高.保水剂sk-4在w=5×10-3即能达到较理想的保水和供水效果,浓度过高仅仅增加土壤残余含水量.野外应用表明,适当浓度的保水剂可以有效提高土壤保水能力和供水能力,提高苗木根冠比和成活率.图1表5参10