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701.
Using the example of Southern Ural forests, it is shown that the Braun-Blanquet method is promising for estimating the efficiency
of the system of specially protected natural areas (SPNAs) and drawing up guidelines for its further development. In particular,
evidence is provided that forests of the unions Aconito-Piceion and Lathyro-Quercion are protected quite insufficiently. Proposals concerning organization of new SPNAs are formulated. 相似文献
702.
703.
Abstract: Harvesting of wild plants for nontimber uses is widespread in the tropics, but its impact is usually quantified only for one or a few species at a time. Thus, forest managers are never clear about how well their efforts are protecting such plants. We quantified abundance and edge-related variation in 91 species of useful wild plants commonly harvested by communities around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), Uganda, to evaluate the effect of their harvest. Forty percent of these species were harvested exclusively for medicines, 22% for weaving, and 24% for other uses. Fourteen percent were harvested for combinations of uses. Plants were surveyed around the entire periphery of the park transects that extended out 1 km into the forest interior from the edge. Analyses of edge and interior distribution were controlled for effects of topography. Individually, nine (10%) species were very rare, occurring in <0.5% of the plots searched. Of the remaining 82 species, most (50%) decreased significantly away from the park boundary, whereas 4.9% increased and 45.1% showed no pronounced edge-related distributions. Rarer species were no more likely to be less abundant near the edge than commoner species. These results suggest that most plants used for nontimber purposes in BINP are not currently being harvested unsustainably. In this respect many of the species of useful wild plants we examined resembled animals commonly hunted in tropical forests for bushmeat because they increased in abundance in disturbed habitat. Conservation action should initially aim to understand what influences distributions of very rare species. Edge-based assessments of distributions may be valuable for revealing harvest impact on species of useful wild plants commonly harvested by people living around forest islands in the tropics. 相似文献
704.
A ‘forest–hydrology–poverty nexus’ hypothesis asserts that deforestation in poor upland areas simultaneously threatens biodiversity
and increases the incidence of flooding, sedimentation and other damaging hydrological processes. This paper uses rough heuristics
to assess the applicability of this hypothesis to two montane forested countries in Central America: Guatemala and Honduras.
We do so by using simple rules of thumb to identify watersheds at greater risk of hydrologically significant land use change,
using information about land cover, slope, and watershed size. The location of these watersheds is compared to spatial maps
of poverty and forests. We find plausible evidence for a forest–biodiversity–poverty connection in Guatemala, and to a lesser
extent in Honduras. 相似文献
705.
Altitudinal and horizontal shifts of the upper boundaries of open and closed forests in the Polar Urals in the 20th century 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
S. G. Shiyatov M. M. Terent’ev V. V. Fomin N. E. Zimmermann 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2007,38(4):223-227
In the Polar Urals (the Rai-Iz massif and Mounts Tchernaya and Malaya Tchernaya), altitudinal and horizontal shifts of the upper boundary of open and closed larch forests in the 20th century have been studied. Spatiotemporal parameters of these shifts have been assessed with the aid of the ARC/INFO geographic information system (ESRI Inc., United States), using our original large-scale geobotanical maps showing the distribution of different types of forest-tundra communities in the early 1910s and 2000s. The results show that tree vegetation has been actively expanding to higher elevations over the past 90 years. On average, the upper boundaries of open and closed forests have ascended 26 and 35 m and shifted horizontally 290 and 520 m, respectively. These shifts have been conditioned by climate warming and increasing humidity observed since the 1920s. 相似文献
706.
CHAD T. HANSON DENNIS C. ODION†‡ DOMINICK A. DELLASALA§ WILLIAM L. BAKER 《Conservation biology》2009,23(5):1314-1319
Abstract: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's recent recovery plan for one of the most carefully watched threatened species worldwide, the Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), recommended a major departure in conservation strategies in the northwestern United States. Due to concern about fire, the plan would switch from a reserve to a no-reserve strategy in up to 52% of the owl's range. Fuel treatments (e.g., thinning) at regular intervals also would occur on up to 65–70% of dry forests in this area. Estimations of fire risk, however, were based on less than a decade of data and an anecdotal assessment of a single, large fire. We found that decadal data are inherently too short, given infrequent large fires, to accurately predict fire risk and trends. Rates of high-severity fire, based on remote-sensing data, are far lower than reported in the plan and in comparison with the rate of old-forest recruitment. In addition, over a 22-year period, there has been no increase in the proportion of high-severity fire. Our findings refute the key conclusions of the plan that are the basis for major changes in conservation strategies for the Spotted Owl. The best available science is needed to address these strategies in an adaptive-management framework. From the standpoint of fire risk, there appears to be ample time for research on fire and proposed treatment effects on Spotted Owls before designing extensive management actions or eliminating reserves. 相似文献
707.
Abstract: We examined the vulnerability of 34 species of oaks ( Quercus ) and pines ( Pinus ) to the effects of global climate change in Mexico. We regionalized the HadCM2 model of climate change with local climatic data (mean annual temperature and rainfall) and downscaled the model with the inverse distance-weighted method. Databases of herbaria specimens, genetic algorithms (GARP), and digital covers of biophysical variables that affect oaks and pines were used to project geographic distributions of the species under a severe and conservative scenario of climate change for the year 2050. Starting with the current average temperature of 20.2 °C and average precipitation of 793 mm, under the severe warming scenario mean temperature and precipitation changed to 22.7 °C and 660 mm, respectively, in 2050. For the conservative warming scenario, these variables shifted to 21.8 °C and 721 mm. Responses to the different scenarios of climate change were predicted to be species-specific and related to each species climate affinity. The current geographic distribution of oaks and pines decreased 7–48% and 0.2–64%, respectively. The more vulnerable pines were Pinus rudis , P. chihuahuana , P. oocarpa , and P. culminicola , and the most vulnerable oaks were Quercus crispipilis , Q. peduncularis , Q. acutifolia , and Q. sideroxyla . In addition to habitat conservation, we think sensitive pine and oak species should be looked at more closely to define ex situ strategies (i.e., seed preservation in germplasm banks) for their long-term conservation. Modeling climatic-change scenarios is important to the development of conservation strategies. 相似文献
708.
V. A. Usol’tsev 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2007,38(1):1-10
Consideration is given to uncertainties related to methods for assessing the above and belowground phytomass and primary production of forest stands in test plots, as well as for extrapolating the results to forested areas. 相似文献
709.
资省、占地小、自动化程度高、管理方便、无二次污染、节能等众多优点,介绍了萍乡钢铁有限责任公司第二炼铁厂301#高炉(380m3)移地大修改造项目高炉煤气干法净化长袋脉冲除尘器的设计与制造。 相似文献
710.
Schwede Donna B. LeDuc Sharon K. Otte Tanya L. 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2001,1(5-6):59-66
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Multi-Layer Model (NOAA-MLM) is used by several operational dry deposition networks for estimating the deposition velocity of O3, SO2, HNO3, and particles. The NOAA-MLM requires hourly values of meteorological variables. Since collection of on-site meteorology can be expensive, a study was performed to compare NOAA-MLM predicted deposition velocitiesusing modeled meteorological data in lieu of on-site meteorological data. NOAA-MLM was run for three sites in the Clean Air Status and Trends Network using on-site data as well as the output of two mesoscale meteorological models, Eta and MM5. The differences between the deposition velocities predictedusing the mesoscale models and those predicted using the on-sitemeteorological measurements ranged from –0.001 to 0.106 cm s-1 and were within the model error determined in NOAA-MLM evaluation studies. This research shows that the NOAA-MLM is particularly sensitive to differences in atmospheric turbulence,soil moisture budget, and canopy wetness.(On assignment to the National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.) (author for correspondence, e-mail 相似文献