红枫湖流域表层沉积物中全氟化合物的污染特征

PFCs(perfluorinated compounds, 全氟化合物)因具有持久性、生物富集效应和毒性而受到环境科学领域的普遍关注. 采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪(UPLC-MS/MS)并结合固相萃取的方法,对贵阳市主要饮用水水源地——红枫湖主要入湖支流及湖区表层沉积物中10种PFCs的质量分数进行了检测,分析了其污染水平、空间分布及组成特征. 结果表明,各采样点w(∑PFCs)(10种PFCs的总质量分数)为0.27~1.65 ng/g,其中PFBA(全氟丁酸)、PFPeA(全氟戊酸)、PFOA(全氟辛酸)、PFBS(全氟丁烷磺酸)、PFOS(全氟辛烷磺酸)及PFHxA(全氟己酸)不仅检出率高,而且对各采样点w(∑PFCs)的贡献较大,是红枫湖表层沉积物中主要的PFCs;受湖区水文水动力条件及沉积物有机质的影响,北湖表层沉积物中w(∑PFCs)高于南湖,并且全湖w(∑PFCs)的最高值位于出湖口处,达到1.65 ng/g;红枫湖流域表层沉积物中的w(PFOA)和w(PFOS)分别为0.07~0.51和nd(未检出)~0.16 ng/g,与国内外其他流域相比处于较低水平;大气沉降可能是红枫湖流域PFCs的主要来源.      

广东大宝山矿区锰污染的分布规律和季节影响

以广东大宝山矿区及周边地区为研究区域,对其周边地区的河水、井水中的ρ(Mn2+),土壤和河流(溪)沉积物的w(Mn)进行分析,从水质类型和物理化学风化及季节变化等方面研究了该地区环境中的锰污染分布及季节性变化规律. 结果表明:大宝山及其周边地区存在Ca-SO₄,Mg-SO₄,Ca-Mg-SO₄和Ca-HCO₃ 4种水质类型,其中Ca-SO₄型水质的ρ(Mn2+)最高,达339.003 mg/L,且当水中ρ(Mn2+)大于21.300 mg/L时,ρ(SO₄2－)均超过了2 000 mg/L;水中ρ(Mn2+)与水体酸度相关,同一地点的水样,其酸度越大ρ(Mn2+)就越大.对于不同区域土样的w(Mn)分布变化规律,表现为尾矿库内土壤剖面的w(Mn)在旱、雨季均呈U型分布;旱季库区内溪泥w(Mn)的大小顺序为上游>中游>下游,雨季则完全相反; 此外,库区外的稻田土样中也发现了Mn累积现象.      

叶面喷施铈硅复合溶胶抑制生菜砷积累效应研究

采用水热合成法,利用正硅酸乙酯和硝酸铈分别制备了二氧化硅和二氧化铈溶胶。通过土培盆栽试验,在广东省汕头市莲花山钨矿区砷污染土壤上种植意大利生菜,研究了叶面喷施不同浓度二氧化硅、二氧化铈以及不同掺杂比的铈硅复合溶胶对生菜地上部生物量、叶绿素含量、砷含量以及生菜地上部砷积累量的影响。结果表明：叶面喷施不同浓度铈、硅溶胶及不同掺杂比的铈硅复合溶胶均可以缓解生菜砷毒害,表现为生菜的地上部鲜重升高了9%～58.8%,砷含量降低了23%～48%。叶面喷施低浓度的二氧化铈掺杂5mmol·L-1二氧化硅复合溶胶可以增加生菜叶片叶绿素含量,进一步提高二氧化硅缓解生菜砷毒害效果。其中以叶面喷施5mmol·L-12%铈掺杂二氧化硅复合溶胶生菜地上部鲜重最高为对照的1.6倍;砷含量最低为对照的51.4%。叶面喷施铈、硅复合溶胶不仅可以降低生菜可食用部位砷浓度,而且可以减少生菜地上部吸收积累砷总量,从而降低了砷通过食物链对人体健康的危害。与传统土壤施用硅肥相比,叶面施用硅溶胶具有经济高效的优点,为土壤砷污染控制提供了一种新的选择。     

岛屿硬化集水面雨水弃流方案与分质收集策略研究

通过研究海南岛文昌市水泥屋顶和水泥路面上的雨水径流特征,建立了岛屿地区不同硬化集水面的雨水弃流方案和分质收集策略.在降雨初期,水泥路面和水泥屋顶均发生明显的冲刷效应,水泥路面雨水径流污染物浓度远高于水泥屋顶,且不同硬化集水面上前30%雨水中的污染物浓度均高于后70%的雨水.通过与相关水质指标对比得出,水泥屋顶雨水径流可作为饮用水水源,水泥路面雨水径流经处理可作为城市杂用水使用.通过建立雨水径流污染物累积-冲刷经验模型,可计算不同硬化集水面的弃流雨量,并以此为依据制定了弃流方案.以两种典型硬质化集水面径流污染物传输特征、水质特征和弃流方案为基础,分别提出了屋顶雨水收集方案和多种生态方法协同作用的路面雨水收集方案,可为岛屿地区的雨水收集利用方案提供参考依据.     

Impacts of n-alkane concentration on soil bacterial community structure and alkane monooxygenase genes abundance during bioremediation processes

Petroleum hydrocarbons, mainly consisting of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are considered as priority pollutants and biohazards in the environment, eventually affecting the ecosystem and human health. Though many previous studies have investigated the change of bacterial community and alkane degraders during the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, there is still lack of understanding on the impacts of soil alkane contamination level. In the present study, microcosms with different n-alkane contamination (1%, 3% and 5%) were set up and our results indicated a complete alkane degradation after 30 and 50 days in 1%- and 3%-alkane treatments, respectively. In all the treatments, alkanes with medium-chain length (C₁₁-C₁₄) were preferentially degraded by soil microbes, followed by C₂₇-alkane in 3% and 5% treatments. Alkane contamination level slightly altered soil bacterial community, and the main change was the presence and abundance of dominant alkane degraders. Thermogemmatisporaceae, Gemmataceae and Thermodesulfovibrionaceae were highly related to the degradation of C₁₄- and C₂₇-alkanes in 5% treatment, but linked to alkanes with medium-chain (C₁₁-C₁₈) in 1% treatment and C₂₁-alkane in 3% treatment, respectively. Additionally, we compared the abundance of three alkane-monooxygenase genes, e.g., alk_A, alk_P and alk_R. The abundance of alk_R gene was highest in soils, and alk_P gene was more correlated with alkane degradation efficiency, especially in 5% treatment. Our results suggested that alkane contamination level showed non-negligible effects on soil bacterial communities to some extents, and particularly shaped alkane degraders and degrading genes significantly. This study provides a better understanding on the response of alkane degraders and bacterial communities to soil alkane concentrations, which affects their biodegradation process.

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Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

On the origin of elevated levels of persistent chemicals in the environment

In general, contamination levels tend to be highest close to sources of a chemical and decline with increasing distance as a result of dilution, dispersion and degradation. However, contrary to this, circumstances have been described when contamination levels are higher further away from sources than at the sources themselves. Examples are elevated levels of persistent, hydrophobic, organic chemicals in the Arctic, in mountain regions and in forest soils. In order to address the questions of why and when such an inversion of environmental levels is occurring, this paper seeks to identify, name and categorise principles of general validity leading to such behaviour. By compiling and analysing various causes of elevated contamination levels in the environment, three main categories became apparent, 1. equilibrium partitioning effects, 2. effects resulting from changes in phase composition, volume or temperature, and 3. dynamic or kinetic effects. These principles are illustrated with several examples. The case can be made that understanding, quantifying and predicting these causes could provide a general conceptual framework for studying the fate of chemicals in the environment.     

酿造污泥的农业利用对地下水的影响

本文通过模拟渗滤实验对酿造残渣(NovoGro)在天津地区农业利用可能产生的环境影响-氮素对地下水的潜在污染———进行了比较系统的研究。结果表明,氮素(主要是NO3-)在土壤中的迁移和积累行为在不同作物和土壤条件下是有差异的。在水田中施用NovoGro,不会引起水体的氮素污染问题;旱田(小麦)表层土壤和下渗水中NO3--N的含量则随NovoGro的施用量的增加而增加,当施用量达到45t/hm2时足以造成地表径流和地下水的NO3--N污染。     

长江水系河水氮污染

对１９９０年长江流域５７０个水文站约８０００测次数据的统计分析表明,长江干流氮污染水平自上游向下游有明显增强的趋势;相当一部分站点八十年代中期河水总氮含量比１９６０年前后增加５－１０倍;河水氮含量的年内变化不同区域有各自的特点;河水氮污染的差异与区域人口的经济发展的水平有关。氮污染促进了河水的酸化过程。