基于不同测试终点的土壤锌毒性阈值及预测模型

采用基质诱导硝化(PNR)、大麦根伸长、西红柿及小白菜生长毒性测试方法,结合Log-logistic模型,对我国16种典型土壤中锌(Zn)的毒性阈值(ECx)进行了测定,同时对Zn毒性与土壤主要影响因子间的量化关系及其预测模型进行了研究.结果表明:我国土壤中Zn的毒性阈值在不同测试物种间存在较大差异,以小白菜、大麦、西红柿及土壤微生物(PNR)测试的EC10均值分别为322,356,336,297mg/kg,以土壤微生物测试最低,以大麦根伸长测定结果最高; EC50均值则分别为: 846,1471,1160,768mg/kg.不同测试方法对土壤中Zn毒性的敏感性顺序为:土壤微生物(PNR)>西红柿>小白菜>大麦,而不同测试方法的稳健性顺序则相反,表明PNR法是土壤Zn毒害最敏感的测试方法,而西红柿则是对土壤Zn污染胁迫最敏感的植物品种; 不同毒性测试结果显示,EC50阈值的测定结果要敏感于EC10,而EC10测定结果的变异系数普遍大于EC50的测定结果.pH值是影响土壤Zn毒性阈值最为重要的因子,而基于土壤pH值,CEC,有机碳含量的归趋化预测模型可以很好地预测土壤中Zn的生态风险阈值.     

Sorption and mobility of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) in tropical soils

Millions of tons of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are manufactured worldwide and most of them will reach conventional sewage disposal systems after industrial utilization. This raises environmental concerns, but not much is known about the environmental fate of these polymers. The main goals of this research were to evaluate sorption and mobility of PEG in sandier soils of Brazil. PEG 4000 was applied to the soils either freely in solution or as a simulated bioassay residue. The bioassay was prepared to simulate PEG as it is present in the animal feces. It allowed us to compare PEG mobility for both forms of environment disposal. PEG showed very low sorption (<22% of the applied PEG) and high mobility potential (>43% of the applied amount in the free-PEG and >24% of the applied amount in the bioassay-PEG experiment) in the studied soils. When PEG was applied, simulating its supply to animal diets, about 30% of its applied amount was retained into the bioassay residues and its leaching potential was reduced, whereas the remaining amount (about 70%) was readily available in solution and could be directly released into the environment.     

Phytotoxicity of fuel to crop plants: influence of soil properties,fuel type,and plant tolerance

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of fuel-contaminated soils on the germination, survival, and early growth of six crop plants, viz. Brassica oleracea, Trifolium repens, Lactuca sativa, Avena sativa, Pisum sativum, and Zea mays, grown on Cambisol A and B horizons contaminated with gasoline and diesel (0%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%, w/w). Fuel toxicity was more evident in the B horizon than in the A horizon, and diesel was more toxic than gasoline, probably due to the higher evaporation rate of the latter. Fuels affected the germination and survival of small-seeded plants to a higher extent, reflecting the importance of the seed coat and nutrient reserves for successful plant development in fuel-contaminated soils. In general, root growth was more strongly affected than shoot growth, and plant biomass was more strongly affected than elongation, leading to a less plant branching in the presence of fuel. The findings of this study can be useful for selecting the least fuel-tolerant species as soil contamination bioindicator and for determining the risks of fuel contamination. Due to the low residence time of gasoline components in soil, this phytotoxicity test resulted in an unsuitable bioassay to assess gasoline toxicity.     

Assessing the toxicity of chemical compounds associated with marine land-based fish farms: The use of mini-scale microalgal toxicity tests

Many chemicals that are currently used in aquaculture have not been evaluated with regard to their specific effects on the aquatic environment. In the present study, the toxic effects of several chemicals associated with land-based marine fish farming activities were assessed using two species of marine microalgae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Isochrysis galbana). Mini-scale toxicity tests were performed with six antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, flumequine, oxytetracycline, streptomycin and sulfadiazine) and two disinfectants (formaldehyde and hypochlorite). Amoxicillin and streptomycin did not exert toxic effects. Sulfadiazine was the most toxic chemical; the EC₅₀ values were 0.11 mg/L and 1.44 mg/L for P. tricornutum and I. galbana respectively. As expected, the disinfectants displayed high toxicity, and P. tricornutum was particularly sensitive to these compounds. Although the differences in microalgal sensitivity depended on the chemical considered, both species were highly sensitive to most of the compounds tested. We recommend the inclusion of mini-scale microalgal toxicity tests in environmental risk assessment (ERA) and environmental monitoring plans because they are cost-effective and rapid.     

中国南部沿海近岸西加鱼毒素研究

为了查清我国南部沿海珊瑚礁鱼类体内的西加鱼毒素状况,首次在海南三亚、琼海、广西涠洲岛、珠海担杆列岛、广东徐闻县灯楼角和福建东山岛收集渔民从附近珊瑚礁海域捕捞的野生鱼类,采用酶联免疫法、小白鼠生物法和高效液相色谱质谱联用法进行毒素测定.结果表明,6个调查海区均检测出染毒鱼类,总阳性检出率达50%,其中福建东山岛(77.8%) >广东徐闻县灯楼角(66.7%) >广东珠海担杆列岛(55.6%) >广西涠洲岛(37.5%) >海南三亚(37.5%) >海南琼海(16.7%),与海域环境质量可能存在一定的关联.鱼组织毒素含量为0~169ng P-CTX-1/kg肉,8个样品 (占总样17.4%) 超过100ng P-CTX-1/kg肉,达到可致人中毒水平.染毒鱼种类繁多,主要包括蝴蝶鱼科(Chaetodontidae)、鹦嘴鱼科(Scaridae)、鳂科(Holocentridae)、笛鲷科(Lutjanidae)和鮨科(Serranidae).酶联免疫法与小鼠生物法对鱼毒定性检测结果基本一致,但仅在福建东山岛2个鱼样中检测到P-CTX-1成分.染毒鱼类的毒素含量和鱼体重/体长没有相关性,也与其食性无关.     

北京市污水厂污泥中的内分泌干扰效应物质

采用重组基因酵母法检测了北京市16个污水处理厂污泥的雌激素、雄激素和孕激素效应.结果表明,各污水厂污泥中均可检测到雌激素受体诱导效应,范围在0.587～6.76ngEEQ·g-(1dw)之间.各水厂污泥均未检测出雄激素诱导效应和孕激素诱导效应,大部分污水厂污泥样品表现出较明显的雄激素抑制效应和较强的孕激素抑制效应.与国外相比,北京市污水厂污泥中的雌激素活性值相对较低.堆肥处理不能有效去除雌激素类物质和孕激素抑制物质,但对雄激素抑制物质的去除明显.     

紫外线消毒系统中强度分布的理论计算与生物验证对比

应用以MPSS模型为基础的计算软件UV calc对某饮用水紫外线消毒反应器进行强度分布的计算,同时,采用枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC9372)作为受试菌种进行生物验证.结果显示,在该反应器中理论计算数值总体上明显高于生物验证的数值,反应器中最低紫外剂量区域出现在2支灯管之间的反应器壁附近.另外,理论计算和生物验证的误差与流量、透光率具有相关性.在高流量、低透光率的情况下,理论计算的数值更接近于生物验证数值.相对于理论计算,生物验证是确定紫外线反应器剂量反应曲线的可靠方法.     

Arsenic uptake, accumulation and phytofiltration by duckweed （Spirodela polyrhiza L.）

This study investigates arsenic (As) accumulation and tolerance of duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza L: and its potential for As phytofiltration. S. polyrhiza was able to survive in high concentration of As(V) solution: The EC50 values ( SE) based on the external As(V) were (181.66 20.12) mol/L. It accumulated (999 95) mg As/kg dw when exposed in 320 mol/L As(V) solution for one week, and was able to take up appropriately 400 mg As/kg dw in tissues without a significant biomass loss. The EC50 values (the e ective concentration of As(V) in the nutrient solution that caused a 50% inhibition on biomass production) was (866 68) mg/kg dw for the tissues, indicating that S. polyrhiza had a high capability of As accumulation and tolerance. The uptake kinetic parameters Vmax was (55.33 2.24) nmol/(g dw min) and Km was (0.144 0.011) mmol/L. Within 72 hr, S. polyrhiza decreased As concentration in the solution from 190 to 113 ng/mL with a removal rate of 41%. The study suggested that this floating aquatic plant has some potential for As phytofiltration in contaminated water bodies or paddy soils.