Evaluation of endocrine disruption and dioxin-like effects of organic extracts from sewage sludge in autumn in Beijing,China

Study on effective disposal and utilization of sewage sludge has recently been the target of growing interest in China. However, potential risks are associated with the use of sludge due to its contamination with toxic organics, heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, a screening assessment was conducted on sewage sludge samples collected from 17 different sewage treatment plants in Beijing, based on a batch of in vitro bioassays, including a set of recombinant gene yeast assays for endocrine disruption, and an ethoxy resorufin-O- deethylase （EROD） assay using H4IIE cells for aryl hydrocarbon receptor （Ah-R） agonistic activities. Our results suggested that moderate levels of estrogen receptor agonistic activities （0.9 ng E2. g-1 to 6.8 ng E2. gl, dw）, but relative higher androgen receptor antagonistic activ- ities （nd to 45%）, progestin receptor antagonistic activities （nd to 80%） and Ah-R agonistic activities （1390 to 6740 pg 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin （TCDD）·g-1, dw） were found in sewage sludge samples. However, there were no significant correlations between the toxic effects of sewage sludge and the sewage treatment processes. In addition, the 17β-estradiol （E2） equivalent quantity （EEQ） level of the sewage sludge was increased after the composting treatment, whereas the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodi- benzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalent quantity （TEQ） level of sewagesludge composted was much lower than that of sewage sludge.     

Bioaccumulation and adverse effects of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the common onion Allium cepa as a model in ecotoxicological bioassays

The common onion Allium cepa can be easily used in ecotoxicological bioassays to evaluate the bioavailability and adverse effects of pollutants and complex mixtures like waste, industrial effluent or coal-mining drainage that contain elevated levels of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, onions were exposed for 7 days to individual metals (1?µg?mL^?1), i.e., aluminium, copper, iron and manganese, or PAHs (1.5?ng?mL^?1), i.e., benzo[a]antracene and benzo[a]pirene. Biological effects, measured as growth inhibition of roots and leaves, were integrated with analysis of bioaccumulation in roots, bulbs and leaves. Copper, iron and benzo[a]pirene caused a significant inhibition in root development of newly formed tissues, whereas only slight variations were caused by other chemicals; the number of new root filaments and the length of the leaves did not show significant variations, thus not representing sensitive parameters to evaluate adverse effects of pollutants in A. cepa. Chemicals bioaccumulation was always significant in roots, whereas levels in bulbs and leaves exhibited increased levels only for manganese, and a decrease for aluminium. The overall results confirmed the sensitivity of the bioassays with A. cepa, suggesting their utility for future applications to evaluate the adverse effects of complex mixtures containing metals or PAHs.     

Improvement of the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) analytical method for reclaimed water

Microbial growth is an issue of concern that may cause hygienic and aesthetic problems during the transportation and usage of reclaimed water. Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) is an important parameter which determines the heterotrophic bacterial growth potential of water. Pseudomonas fluorescens P17 and Spirillum sp. NOX are widely used to measure AOC in drinking water. The AOC values of various reclaimed water samples determined by P17 and NOX were compared with those determined by the new strains isolated from reclaimed water in this study. It showed that the conventional test strains were not suitable for AOC measurement of reclaimed water in certain cases. In addition to P17 and NOX, Stenotrophomonas sp. ZJ2, Pseudomonas saponiphila G3 and Enterobacter sp. G6, were selected as test strains for AOC measurement of reclaimed water. Key aspects of the bioassay including inoculum cell density, incubation temperature, incubation time and the pH of samples were evaluated for the newly selected test strains. Higher inoculum density (10⁴ CFU·mL^-1) and higher incubation temperature (25°C) could reduce the time required for the tests. The AOC results of various collected samples showed the advantages of the method proposed based on those five strains in evaluating the biologic stability of reclaimed water.     

水源水中有机提取物生殖毒性评价和敏感检测指标的筛选（Reproductive Toxicity of Drinking Source Water and Selection of Sensitive Bioassays）

以原代培养的大鼠睾丸细胞为体外毒性试验靶细胞,采用支持细胞、生精细胞、间质细胞的形态、细胞活力、胞外乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力、细胞早期凋亡坏死率和间质细胞睾酮分泌量5种检测指标评价了X市和L市水源水中有机提取物的生殖毒性,并筛选了对痕量有机污染物敏感的生殖毒性指标.研究结果表明,两市水源水中有机提取物皆可引起支持细胞、间质细胞和生精细胞形态的变化,相比较而言,对生精细胞的影响更严重.X市水源水有机提取物对3种生殖细胞胞外LDH活力没有显著影响(p>0.05);而在L市水源水中有机提取物的暴露下,支持细胞和间质细胞胞外LDH活力显著增强(p<0.01).X市水源水中有机提取物可使间质细胞睾酮分泌量显著减少(p<0.01);而L市水源水有机提取物对间质细胞睾酮分泌量无明显影响(p>0.05).两市水源水有机提取物均能不同程度地诱发大鼠睾丸细胞损伤,生精细胞对环境毒物是比较敏感的细胞,细胞形态、活力、LDH活力、凋亡坏死率、睾酮分泌量等生殖毒理学检测指标可用于饮用水源地水质的评价.     

化学物质的Ah受体效应重组基因酵母检测法的优化

接有芳香烃受体(AhR)基因和芳香烃受体核转位子蛋白(ARNT)基因的酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae菌株是测定化学物质的Ah受体效应的方法之一.本实验通过优化各个实验条件,发现用0.2%葡萄糖作前培养液培养菌24 h,用2%半乳糖作化学物质暴露时的培养液,暴露在玻璃管时,暴露时间从原来的18 h缩短到8 h.并用已经优化的方法测定了六氯苯和五氯苯的Ah受体效应,得出六氯苯和五氯苯相对于TCDD的毒性等当量值(TEF)分别为0.018629和0.000294.     

细脉浮萍和紫背浮萍在污水营养条件下的生长特性

浮萍类植物是污水生态工程处理技术中吸收转化氮磷等营养物质的重要植物类群.氮磷是浮萍生长所必需的主要结构组成物质,因此浮萍生物量的增长速率决定了其对氮磷吸收转化的能力.本研究采用序批式培养和连续式培养2种方式探讨了细脉浮萍(Lemna aequinoctialis) 和紫背浮萍(Spirodela polyrrhiza) 在污水营养条件下的生长特性,并利用单种种群增长的Logistic模型对生物量的增长曲线进行了分析.研究结果表明浮萍的鲜生物量和干重随时间变化的增长曲线具有"S"型特点,在特定的环境和营养条件下,单位面积上浮萍生物量的增长受密度的制约.Logistic拟合的结果表明浮萍生物量的增长符合种群的Logistic增长规律,浮萍在有限环境中生物量有最大值:最大承载量,当密度达到最大承载量一半时,其生物量的增长速率最大.实验结果及模型分析结果均表明2种浮萍在氨氮人工培养液中的生长速率比在硝酸氮培养液中低.细脉浮萍生长速率及含水率均高于紫背浮萍.本文还探讨了浮萍的Logistic增长规律在浮萍生物量收获管理中的应用.     

利用主动和被动采样技术和发光菌毒性测试评价水中有机污染物的毒性

提出利用能够模拟生物吸收过程的半渗透膜采样技术(SPMD)富集疏水性有机污染物,然后进行生物毒性测试．这一方法在原理上不同于传统主动富集．生物毒性测试技术体系,能够模拟生物富集和产生毒性的过程．用三油酸脂半渗透膜采样技术对洋河和北京市高碑店污水处理厂水样进行富集,并采用海洋发光菌P．phosphoreum T3和青海弧菌V．qinghainesis Q67发光菌对原水样和经过富集的水中有机污染物进行毒性测试．研究结果表明,洋河水中存在导致急性毒性的有机物,主要来自宣化工业区,以取代苯类化合物(如：硝基芳烃)为主,相比于此类物质,持久性有机污染物对急性毒性的贡献不大．对高碑店污水厂进行的实验表明,用发光菌方法直接测定污水,很难解释急性毒性变化规律．而采用SPMD技术富集水中有机污染物后进行毒性测试,结果和化学分析数据相当吻合．结合SPMD的优点,推荐用该方法作为环境有机有毒污染物毒性监测和生态风险评价的样品前处理手段．     

Genotoxicity of vegetables irrigated by industrial wastewater

IntroductionPollution of natural waters with waste effluentsarising from various industries has become a seriousproblem in India.In Rajasthan particularly,textilemills represent an important economic sector.Effluents from these textile and other dye-relat…     

浙江近岸有害赤潮发生区麻痹性贝毒素研究

用小白鼠生物检测法和高效液相色谱法对采自浙江舟山海域和浙江中南部海域的麻痹性贝毒素进行了调查分析。结果表明:浙江舟山海域六横岛的西格织纹螺含有贝毒,其毒素含量为3.7 Mu/g,舟山海域有毒贝类检出率为3.1%。浙江中、南部海域南麂列岛的棒锥螺含有贝毒,其毒素含量<1.7 Mu/g,浙江中、南部海域有毒贝类检出率为9.1%。