巫山县生态承载力研究

由于三峡工程的开工建设,巫山县大量移民就地后靠,土地所承载的压力剧增,阻碍了巫山县社会经济的可持续发展。利用生态足迹原理和模型对巫山县2005~2010年土地生态承载力进行分析,并运用相关分析、主成分分析等方法将生态足迹指标与传统经济指标相结合,分析了巫山县社会经济的发展对生态足迹的驱动作用,为巫山县的生态建设及可持续发展提供依据及参考。结果表明：巫山县生态足迹呈现逐年增加的趋势,且近几年增加速度明显加快,而生态承载力则基本持平,人均生态赤字由2005年的1336 2 hm2增长至2010年的2194 2 hm2,说明巫山县对自然资源的消费远远超过了区域所能提供的资源供给,阻碍可持续发展。在此基础上本研究以巫山县2005~2010年的生态足迹时间序列作为模型因变量,并根据区域社会经济发展与生态足迹变化的作用机理选择了8个社会经济发展相关指标为自变量,建立多元线性回归模型。模型检验结果令人满意,并通过相关性分析、主成分分析等手段揭示了巫山县社会经济发展指标对人均生态足迹的强烈驱动作用     

Common Values and Themes for Grazed Open Spaces: “Plant Diversity” and “Watershed” as Communication Intersections for Agriculture and Conservation Groups?

ABSTRACT

Communicating about the use and management of open spaces occurs within a complex social environment replete with diverse stakeholder opinions and meta-narratives. For western US rangelands, production-based enterprises have been the traditional use but increasingly they are valued for ecosystem services such as water, recreation, biodiversity, and aesthetics which have led to additional conflict. We surveyed Wyoming-based members of six agricultural (Ag) and four environmental/conservation (Env/Con) groups to determine grazing-centric mutual exclusivity of special interests, common values, and emergent themes. We assessed 197 survey participants; 150 from Ag groups and 47 from Env/Con groups. Of 10 values assessed, “watershed” and “plant diversity” were similarly valued by both group types. These naturally dichotomous groups also agreed that communication and reliance on science are needed. Communication and conflict resolution about the use of open spaces can benefit from addressing social presuppositions and meta-narratives of broader audiences to facilitate effective dialogue and solutions.     

The Three Gorges Project in Figures

Abstact

Ecological city is the advanced mode of harmonious development of city. Constant improvement is being made in the development of ecological city. However, building ecological city is an enormous project that calls for a huge amount of capital. The government fund is far from adequate. This paper probes into the fund issue and discusses in detail the mechanism of investment and financing in building ecological city from various aspects such as diversification of the investment subjects and the modes of financing.     

土地非农化生态价值损失估算

随着城镇化、工业化的快速推进,我国城乡建设用地快速扩展使农用地保护面临巨大挑战,从经济机制上防止土地过度非农化尤为重要.该文对土地非农化生态价值损失过程机制进行了理论探索,建立了价值损失估算方法,并以江汉平原为例进行案例分析.研究表明:单纯的市场机制没有考虑土地非农化造成的生态价值损失,无法实现土地资源最佳配置,非农化规模偏大;土地非农化生态价值损失巨大,1987-2010年江汉平原因此累计损失73 692.11万元,人均承担49.25元;不同类型土地的生态价值损失强度有所差异,每公顷的自然保留地、水域、林地、草地、耕地非农化价值损失分别为2.459 8万元/a,2.036 7万元/a,1.262 9万元/a,0.524 1万元/a,0.354 8万元/a.文章认为,发展与保护始终是土地资源优化配置必然要面对的难题,土地非农化是社会经济发展过程中的必然现象,也是一个土地生态服务功能不断减少和消亡的过程.土地非农化虽然在一定程度上提高了土地的经济效益和社会效益,但生态效益损失巨大,可能会导致总效益净减.土地过度非农化在很大程度上是由于传统市场体系仅部分考虑了土地的经济、社会功能,而几乎完全没有考虑其生态价值导致的.作为一类负外部性,土地非农化过程中的生态价值损失如果不能得到及时遏制,快速增长的城乡建设用地需求将使农地保护面临巨大威胁,这需要将生态价值纳入土地价值体系,计入征地成本,并在一定程度上提高现行土地价格体系的合理性,防止建设用地的过度扩张,减少生态价值损失.     

Function of Agricultural Land Use and Its Evolvement in Peri-urban Area: A Case Study of Beijing

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in Beijing stimulates the urban land expansion and diminishes available agricultural land. Monofunctional agricultural land use can not meet the demand of the development of the multifunctional agriculture and urbanization any more, so multifunctional agricultural land use is going to be promoted in the city. This article proposes the evolvement of the land use change from 1992 to 2004 and discusses some evolvement views.     

Quantitative Appraisement on Ecological Carrying Capacity in Coastal Rapid Developing Region of Hainan Province

Abstract

The ecological carrying capacity, an important indicator to evaluate the sustainable development of the ecosystem, means the potential ability of the natural ecosystem to carry socioeconomic development while the ecosystem is healthy. It is limited by the carrying capacity of natural resources and environment and the elasticity of the ecosystem. It will be greatly significant to study the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province, the first ecological province admitted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. Not only is the natural ecosystem reflected, but also the effects of human activities are emphasized by integrating the ecosystem health analysis into the ecological carrying capacity research. The research results, using the Factor Analysis tools of software SPSS, indicate that the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province fluctuated obviously from 1996 to 2005. The level of the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province was relatively high in 1996, and reached into trough from 1997 to 1999. It has steadily ascended to be above the middle level since the 21st century. The results also show that policy factors, especially the implementation of the ‘Ecological Province’ strategy, were important driving forces to influence the ecological carrying capacity. With the population rapidly increasing, the land and water resources per capita have decreased quickly. The amount of the ecological carrying capacity was promoted remarkably by socioeconomic development especially economic growth and technology applications. All of these will provide useful suggestions to establish and enact regional development policies, especially for protecting and reconstructing the ecology and environment of Hainan Province.     

Detailed Ecological Footprint Accounting of Liaoning in 2006

Abstract

Ecological footprint (EF) has received considerable attention as a useful indicator in the context of sustainable development. So far, EF has been used in numerous studies by academies, organizations and government authorities. However, the results of these studies failed to be comparable directly with each other due to imprecise data sets, unmodified accounting methods of pasture and fossil energy, ignored secondary products, undefined process of calculating yield factors and improper biocapacity for biodiversity. In this paper, we elaborated on EF estimating methods from six categories of consumption in order to overcome the limitations above. We adopted precise data and revised methods, calculated EF of some secondary products, introduced weighted factor to calculate yield factors and adjusted biocapacity by an appropriate amount. Meanwhile, we investigated the resource consumption of Liaoning Province in 2006 to assess EF. Its results showed that Liaoning Province overused its natural capital and was in an unsustainable state. We concluded that two specific problems that had arisen in EF assessment and gave some suggestions for Liaoning Province to improve its unsustainable state.     

生态文明建设与可持续发展

可持续发展与中国生态文明理念的提出和演化是一个不断深入、循序渐进的历史过程,与全球形势和中国具体国情发展变化密不可分,两者存在紧密联系。主要体现在:中国生态文明建设与全球可持续发展历程遥相呼应,生态文明理念是可持续发展理论的延伸拓展与中国化,两者的实现途径是一致的;二者都是在资源环境约束和经济社会发展矛盾日益突出的背景下提出的,都强调不同领域的协调和融合,强调环境保护的重要性,但又同样不等同于环境保护。     

梯级拦河堰对典型山地城市河流重金属元素的滞留效应:以重庆市梁滩河为例

梯级拦河堰通过改变水力条件的方式将大量重金属元素滞留到河底沉积物中,滞留在沉积物中的重金属会长期影响地表水质和水生态.在2020年5月采集位于重庆市主城区、布设有梯级拦河堰的典型山地城市河流——梁滩河干流河底沉积物,并监测各河段内沉积物累积量和样品中重金属元素含量以及其它基本理化指标.结果表明,梁滩河干流沉积物ω（As）、ω（Cd）、ω（Cu）、ω（Hg）、ω（Ni）和ω（Pb）均值分别为（4.66±4.78）、（0.361±0.256）、（32.30±14.38）、（0.069±0.039）、（33.47±15.37）和（26.34±11.52） mg·kg^-1,由于污染源空间分布不均和梯级拦河堰对河流连通性的破坏,各点位沉积物重金属含量有着较大的空间变异系数.改进的地累积指数（I_m）显示,Cd是沉积物中污染水平最高的重金属元素;有12.50%的监测点位处于偏中度或中度污染水平,污染主要分布于建设用地集中的上下游区域.潜在生态风险评价指数法（RI）和沉积物质量基准法（SQGs）显示,除污染水平较高、毒性强的Cd和Hg外,流域内背景值含量较高的Ni也对地表水生态风险形成威胁.在梯级拦河堰的影响下,干流沉积物中滞留As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni和Pb总量分别为446.10、47.28、4997.80、10.81、5135.68和4048.16 kg,其中Cd、Ni和Pb会长期威胁地表水生态安全.由于较高的重金属滞留总量和更易形成厌氧环境,各级拦河堰上游附近河段也是重金属内源释放所需关注的重点区域.利用主成分分析和聚类分析解析沉积物中重金属元素来源：Cd、Cu和Pb主要源于居民/工业点源污染;Hg主要源于农业面源污染;As和Ni主要源于自然土壤侵蚀.     

岩溶湿地与稻田土壤团聚体细菌群落结构的比较

研究湿地系统中的土地利用变化对土壤团聚体中细菌群落结构的影响,可以为阐明土地利用变化对湿地土壤团聚体稳定性的影响机制提供理论依据.以会仙岩溶湿地和稻田为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术和生态网络分析对土壤团聚体（大团聚体0.25~2 mm、微团聚体0.053~0.25 mm和粉、黏粒<0.053 mm）细菌群落结构进行研究.结果表明：①微团聚体在稻田中占29.64%,显著高于其在天然湿地中的占比（22.20%）.②门水平上,绿弯菌门在稻田土壤大团聚体、微团聚体和粉、黏粒中的相对丰度分别为7.97%、8.56%和7.40%,显著高于其在天然湿地这3种粒径团聚体中的相对丰度（4.93%、4.81%和3.76%）;目水平上,厌氧绳菌目在稻田这3种粒径团聚体中的相对丰度分别为2.35%、3.03%和2.65%,显著高于其在天然湿地这3种粒径团聚体中的相对丰度（0.92%、0.91%和0.43%）.③生态网络分析显示,稻田微团聚体和粉、黏粒网络的节点数、边数和平均邻居数均高于天然湿地,并且在这两种组分中网络的平均连通度更大,特征路径长度更短;稻田大团聚体网络具有更长的特征路径长度、更高的模块性.结果表明,天然湿地改变为稻田后,土壤团聚体细菌群落结构改变,稻田微团聚体和粉、黏粒中细菌群落具有更高的物质循环和信息传递的效率,而稻田大团聚体细菌网络紧密性低,模块性高,其细菌群落结构更稳定.