循环经济:可持续发展战略的新探索

从200多前的欧洲工业革命开始，随着人类社会的不断进步，经济发展与生态环境两者之间逐渐对立起来，由于过分偏重经济发展，轻视生态环境保护，出现了许多生态环境问题，给人类生活带来了许多不便。21世纪将是人类与自然和谐共生的时代，为了保持生活水平的不断提高和经济的可持续发展，实现生态保护与经济发展二者之间的平衡，循环经济的发展和循环型社会的建立日显重要。     

Transaction Costs Economics of Irreplaceability: <Emphasis Type="Italic">ex ante</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">ex post</Emphasis> Evaluation of Conservation Networks’ Vulnerability to Environmental Shocks

The theoretical concept, “asset specificity,” is applied to real data in the context of Danish nature conservation network planning in order to produce illustrative examples of an economic measure of the network’s vulnerability to exogenous shocks to the species composition. Three different measures of asset specificity are quantified from the shadow value of eliminating a key species from the individual grid cells. This represents a novel approach and a different interpretation of the term, as it is conventionally used as a qualitative indicator in the transaction cost economics literature. Apart from supplementing existing cost measures with an indicator of risk associated with investments in protected areas, this study demonstrates how the estimation and interpretation of various asset specificity measures for geographical areas may qualify policy makers’ choice of policy instrument in conservation planning. This differs from the more intuitive approach of basing policy instrument choice solely on the rarity of the species in a given area.     

Managing Drought Through Water Markets: Farmer Preferences in the Rio Grande Basin1

Abstract: Managing drought in agriculture has taken on growing importance as population growth and environmental concerns place increasing pressures on agricultural water use. One alternative for agricultural water resource management in areas of recurrent drought is allocation through market mechanisms. While past research has aimed to explain why farmers are reluctant to participate in already established water markets, this research seeks to identify the appropriate market mechanism given farmers’ preexisting attitudes toward water markets. Statistical analysis of survey data from 166 farmer interviews in the Rio Grande Basin indicate that farmers are significantly more likely to participate in short‐term water mechanisms, such as spot water markets and water banks than in permanent transfer mechanisms, particularly those that fully separate water rights from land. In sharp contrast to expectations, the choice of market mechanism did not differ significantly between farmers based on their a priori intention to buy, sell or both buy and sell in these markets. Choice of market mechanism also did not differ among farmer types although small, lifestyle or hobby farmers clearly preferred spot water markets to other types of short‐term mechanisms. Evaluating these attitudes a priori may help to design more suitable water market mechanisms for the basin.     

Demolish it and They Will Come: Estimating the Economic Impacts of Restoring a Recreational Fishery1

Abstract: This paper presents the results of an ex post survey of recreational anglers for the lower Kennebec River, post‐Edwards Dam removal. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents one of the first ex post analyses of fisheries restoration from dam removal. We find significant benefits have accrued to anglers using the restored fishery. Specifically, anglers are spending more to visit the fishery, a direct indication of the increased value anglers place on the improved fishery. Anglers are also willing to pay for increased angling opportunities on the river. These findings have policy implications for other privately owned dams that are currently undergoing relicensing and/or dam removal considerations. Our findings may also hold implications for fisheries that have deteriorated due to historic dam construction.     

热带森林-砂仁生态系统可持续性的环境经济学分析

以曼么村为例 ,从环境经济学的观点出发 ,对热带森林 -砂仁生态系统的可持续性从经济及环境、生态等方面进行了分析。发现种植砂仁后 ,砂仁的经济效益的递增率不如资源环境成本的递增率快。生态环境的破坏 ,大大降低了砂仁的产量 ,从而更使得种植砂仁的经济效益停滞不前。由砂仁的外延式生产转为内涵式生产 ,采用轮作的经营方式 ,能很好地实现砂仁的持续种植     

Valuing Water Rights in Douglas County,Oregon, Using the Hedonic Price Method1

Abstract: This paper uses the hedonic price method to estimate the value of an acre‐foot of irrigation water in Douglas County, Oregon. The analysis uses detailed information from 113 arms‐length transactions of farmland for 2000 and 2001. The estimated willingness‐to‐accept of $261 to sell an acre‐foot of irrigation water is consistent with other studies and recent transactions in the study area. Estimates for the value of leasing water are provided using a range of discount rates and leasing periods.     

中国资源驱动型岛屿旅游经济发展分析

从我国沿海岛屿旅游十几年的发展历程来看,各沿海岛屿由于所处的地理位置、历史条件、气候条件及资源与文化丰度差异,决定了其旅游发展水平与发展方式存在明显不同。从旅游发展主要驱动力角度,探讨了那些依托其独特旅游资源开发带动经济发展的岛屿经济发展模式。     

Relaxation algorithms to find Nash equilibria with economic applications

Recent theoretical studies have shown that a relaxation algorithm can be used to find noncooperative equilibria of synchronous infinite games with nonlinear payoff functions and coupled constraints. In this study, we introduce an improvement to the algorithm, such as the steepest-descent step-size control, for which the convergence of the algorithm is proved. The algorithm is then tested on several economic applications. In particular, a River Basin Pollution problem is considered where coupled environmental constraints are crucial for the relevant model definition. Numerical runs demonstrate fast convergence of the algorithm for a wide range of parameters. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

对消防经济学理论与方法研究框架的探讨

本文分析了国内外消防经济学的研究概况，从宏观和微观两个方面对消防经济学的研究框架、基本理论与方法等进行了全面论述，并对我国消防经济学韵研究及应用前景进行了展望。目的在于为填补我国在该研究领域的空白提供探索性的指导。     

RESIDUAL POWER AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF A SOLAR POWERED IRRIGATION SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: The problem of nonmatching irrigation and solar power production seasons creates the problem of what to do with the surplus power. The economic law of opportunity cost dictates that substitution for currently commercially purchased power is the best use for this power. This law also allows for new power using enterprises that satisfy specific criteria to be used on the farm before sale of the residual to a local public utility can be considered. Economic and Financial Evaluation of the solar powered irrigation system show that the price of commercially purchased power must reach 9.5 cents per Kwh before the system is feasible under the ideal assumption of complete use of the residual power to substitute for commercially purchased power.