川渝地区农业生态系统氧化亚氮排放

基于县级农业活动水平数据及区域氮循环模型IAP-N方法,并根据地理特征、环境气候条件及地区行政区划将川渝地区划分成4个亚区,详细估算了1990~2004年川渝地区农业生态系统氧化亚氮(N2O)的排放及其时空分布状况.结果表明,川渝地区1990~1994、1995~1999、2000~2004年农业生态系统N2O年平均排放量(以纯氮量计)分别为52.3、58.2、62.0 Gg/a,其中55%来自农田直接排放.3个时期农田直接排放量分别为29.6(7.6~63.3)、33.0(8.4~71.8)、34.0(8.5~75.8)Gg/a,农田直接排放通量分别为4.73、5.39、6.11 kg/(hm2.a).农田旱作是农田N2O直接排放的主要源,水旱轮作对农田N2O直接排放的贡献也很大.川渝地区农业生态系统N2O排放量以及农田N2O排放通量,1995~1999年期间比1990~1994年期间增长幅度较大;2000~2004年期间,农田N2O排放通量增长速度未呈现减缓趋势,但由于耕地面积减少,农田N2O排放量增长呈现停滞状态.川渝地区农业生态系统N2O主要排放地区分布在成都平原和重庆地区,各区域的N2O排放源贡献各...     

不同沉水植物对Cu，Pb，Cd，Zn元素吸收积累差异及规律研究

为探求不同种类的沉水植物对水中Cu,Pb,Cd,Zn吸收积累的差异.对生长在广西刁江流域中的几种常见的沉水植物:菹草、黑藻、狐尾藻、苦草、黄丝草进行了分析,结果表明:在不同采样点与不同时期里.Cu.Pb,Cd,Zn元素在同一沉水植物中吸收变化比较大,Zn元素含量在被测元素中变化最大,最高值和最低值差约581倍.这说明沉水植物受环境影响比较大,能较好的反应出周围环境的变化;但不同的沉水植物对周围环境反应能力的大小是不一样的,菹草、黑藻、狐尾藻、苦草、黄丝草对Cu,Cd,Zn重金属元素的富集能力顺序依次为:菹草>黑藻>狐尾藻>苦草>黄丝草;而黄丝草对Pb吸收累积能力在所有被检测沉水植物中富集能力是最强的.因此,我们在利用沉水植物来指示或修复水体环境时,必须依据不同的元素来选择合适的沉水植物.     

地震灾害下城市供水网络韧性评估及优化研究

为提升城市供水网络应对地震灾害的能力,基于性能响应函数(PRF)方法,引入基础设施网络均衡理论,设计综合考虑城市供水网络物理状态和输送能力的性能时程响应函数,构建贯穿结构和功能双维度的地震灾害下城市供水网络韧性评估方法;从灾害概率、灾害后果、恢复速度、恢复程度等4个关键因素出发,提出城市供水网络网状扩张、管道延性改造、增加恢复资源和提升恢复储备等韧性优化策略;以我国华东某市供水网络为例,定量评估不同优化策略下的韧性提升效果,提出不同决策场景下恢复资源r和恢复储备b的优化配置方法。结果表明:管网延性改造是提升供水网络韧性的有效措施,网状扩张能提升供水网络性能,但对韧性提升无明显作用,网状扩张后要注意增加网络恢复资源和恢复储备。     

体育馆应急医疗功能转换的可行性评估*

为高效实现体育馆建筑的应急医疗功能转换,建立城市应急医疗体系,在探讨相关案例和体育馆建筑特点的基础上,提出在规划选址、室外空间、主体建筑、基础设施、应急响应能力5个方面建立体育馆应急医疗功能转换的可行性评估指标体系,并采用层次分析法确定各级指标的权重。以某市体育中心为例验证评估指标的合理性。结果表明:该评估指标体系能够合理反映城市体育馆应急医疗功能的差异,具有实用性和可操作性。     

基于半定量的FRAM道路危险品运输事故分析方法研究*

为弥补事故分析法在道路危险品运输事故致因研究方面的缺失,解决传统事故分析方法分析结果不全面、防控措施不具体且针对性较差的问题,引入半定量功能共振事故模型（FRAM）,通过定量化功能上下游耦合变异性,阐述事故发生机理同时,找到系统关键功能和关键链路,制定防控措施重点监控。结果表明:基于半定量的FRAM道路危险品运输事故分析方法能够更快、更准确地找出事故发生的关键功能和关键链路,制定针对性防控措施,有效提高道路危险品运输系统安全性。研究结果可为道路事故分析提供参考。     

西安市冬季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征

对西安市不同功能区大气颗粒物中13种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究表明,西安市冬季大气颗粒物中PAHs污染严重,各采样点13种PAHs总浓度(∑PAHs)为121.61～302.25 ng/m3,平均浓度为188.44 ng/m3,其中强致癌的苯并[a]芘(BaP)平均浓度为12.63 ng/m3;不同功能区大气颗粒物中PAHs和BaP的浓度分布存在明显差异,∑PAHs浓度依次为:交通繁忙区＞学生公寓(燃煤排放明显)＞农业开发区＞高新产业开发区＞商业区＞校园,BaP浓度:交通稠密区＞农业开发区＞环工学院(学校教师的停车场)＞商业区＞学生公寓＞高新产业开发区;不同功能区大气颗粒物中,中高环PAHs含量占优势,不同环数PAHs占总量的比例顺序为4环(38.64%)＞5环(25.17%)＞6环(18.83%)＞3环(10.25%).     

基于马尔萨斯模型对钢铁企业伤害事故与工龄指数之间规律的研究

为了验证在钢铁企业中人的失效过程同服役年限有某种规律性的联系,采用马尔萨斯模型对人的服役年限--工龄与伤害事故频数之间的规律性进行机理推证.在对典型钢铁企业40年间工伤事故数据库中的1 465起伤害事故进行统计分析、建立回归模型后,结论显示伤害事故频数y与受害人员的本工种工龄x存在显著指数相关关系:y=167.13e0.012x、相关系数R=0.93,证实了马尔萨斯模型应用于"工龄-伤害事故频数"指数规律的准确性.改进后的指数规律模型对实际钢铁企业安全管理工作有着重要的研究价值和指导意义,且可以在其他领域中进行探索和推广.     

Positive long-term effect of mulching on species and functional trait diversity in a nutrient-poor mountain meadow in Central Europe

Oligotrophic mountain meadows are threatened biodiversity hotspots throughout Europe. The traditional summer hay-making followed by autumn grazing is no longer economic and question is whether alternative managements can maintain both plant species and functional diversity typical of these habitats. In the Bohemian Forest Mts., we applied three treatments (mowing once a year - i.e., cutting and removing the biomass, mulching once a year - cutting and leaving the crushed biomass to decompose in situ, fallowing - no cutting) in order to assess temporal changes in meadow vegetation, plant trait composition and biomass production in a 13-year experiment. We recorded for each species twenty-five traits as to be most informative of plant strategies related to growth, resource acquisition and carbon-water economy. We compared different components of trait composition (community averages that mostly reflect traits of dominant species vs. the Rao index of functional diversity that reflects trait dissimilarity among species) and their impact on biomass production. We show that mulching promotes species and functional diversity by facilitating heliophilous forbs and legumes with more acquisitive strategies in resource use and release, e.g., higher foliar N and P content. This occurs at the expense of tall grasses (with resource-retentive strategies, e.g., high leaf dry matter content) which dominate the mown and fallow plots. The divergence in most quantitative traits indicates that niche complementarity is the dominant assembly process in mulched plots, which can prevent competitive exclusion and enable species coexistence. The divergent development was detected only after 5-6 years. This slow floristic and functional response is caused by acidity of soil and severe mountain climate that preclude rapid responses of vegetation to land-use changes. We conclude that mulching represents a good compromise maintaining both plant species and functional diversity as well as a relatively high biomass production. Mowing without grazing leads to gradual nutrient loss and thus reduces the productivity and diversity in these oligotrophic ecosystems. Fallowing causes gradual loss in diversity by increased grass competition and litter accumulation.     

A rough set-based quality function deployment (QFD) approach for environmental performance evaluation: a case of offshore oil and gas operations

Activities in offshore oil and gas (OOG) that cause environmental impacts can be systematically managed through an environmental management system (EMS). Environmental performance evaluation (EPE) is an essential part of an EMS. However, previous studies on EPE indicate that existing lists of indicators little insight into how indicators are modified to more accurately assess environmental performance.In this paper, a way is proposed to identify and define specific environmental performance indicators on a case-by-case basis, which consists of five steps: (1) describing environmental requirements; (2) determining favourable outcomes corresponding to the requirements; (3) identifying required activities or issues to achieve the outcomes; (4) searching for proper measures of the activities or issues; and (5) generating a list of key indicators. Based on these steps, a quality function deployment (QFD) approach is developed to determine key indicators and evaluate environmental performance. To handle uncertainties in QFD, the decision makers’ evaluations are quantified through rough numbers using the concept of rough sets. The outputs of the proposed approach are different environmental performance indices. Using these indices, decision makers can easily determine whether an improved performance has been achieved through an EMS. The proposed approach is transparent and promising for use as a unified tool for EPE. An application of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a numerical example.     

几种常用屋顶绿化植物的耐热性评价

耐热性足屋顶绿化植物必备的指标之一.试验采用盆栽法,选择佛甲草、沿阶草、高羊茅、白三叶4种屋顶绿化常用植物,研究了在高温胁迫条件下植株的形态特征、脯氨酸含量、超氧岐化酶含量、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量.结果表明:所有参试植物的生长和生理指标都随热胁迫的程度而变化,但植物之间差异显著.其耐热性强弱顺序为:佛甲草...