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971.
972.
Doron Lavee 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2018,25(8):683-695
This paper aims to identify the most suitable and economically feasible policy measures to reduce concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) in Israel. It describes a comprehensive methodology that takes into account the effects of PM and O3 and describes the overall costs and benefits expected from their reduction. Cost-benefit analysis of a series of proposed policy measures allows us to identify and recommend those that are most feasible and effective. These policy measures have a significant impact on reducing air pollution on one hand, while constituting the highest net benefit to the economy on the other. 相似文献
973.
Threats to biodiversity from cumulative human impacts in one of North America's last wildlife frontiers
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Nancy Shackelford Rachel J. Standish William Ripple Brian M. Starzomski 《Conservation biology》2018,32(3):672-684
Land‐use change is the largest proximate threat to biodiversity yet remains one of the most complex to manage. In British Columbia (BC), where large mammals roam extensive tracts of intact habitat, continued land‐use development is of global concern. Extant mammal diversity in BC is unrivalled in North America owing, in part, to its unique position at the intersection of alpine, boreal, and temperate biomes. Despite high conservation values, understanding of cumulative ecological impacts from human development is limited. Using cumulative‐effects‐assessment (CEA) methods, we assessed the current human footprint over 16 regional ecosystems and 7 large mammal species. Using historical and current range estimates of the mammals, we investigated impacts of human land use on species’ persistence. For ecosystems, we found that bunchgrass, coastal Douglas fir, and ponderosa pine have been subjected to over 50% land‐use conversion, and over 85% of their spatial extent has undergone either direct or estimated indirect impacts. Of the mammals we considered, wolves were the least affected by land conversion, yet all species had reduced ranges compared with historical estimates. We found evidence of a hard trade‐off between development and conservation, most clearly for mammals with large distributions and ecosystems with high levels of conversion. Rather than serve as a platform to monitor species decline, we strongly advocate these data be used to inform land‐use planning and to assess current conservation efforts. More generally, CEAs offer a robust tool to inform wildlife and habitat conservation at scale. 相似文献
974.
975.
Endocrine disruptors in bottled mineral water: total estrogenic burden and migration from plastic bottles 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Martin Wagner Jörg Oehlmann 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(3):278-286
Background, aim, and scope Food consumption is an important route of human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. So far, this has been demonstrated
by exposure modeling or analytical identification of single substances in foodstuff (e.g., phthalates) and human body fluids
(e.g., urine and blood). Since the research in this field is focused on few chemicals (and thus missing mixture effects),
the overall contamination of edibles with xenohormones is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the integrated
estrogenic burden of bottled mineral water as model foodstuff and to characterize the potential sources of the estrogenic
contamination.
Materials, methods, and results In the present study, we analyzed commercially available mineral water in an in vitro system with the human estrogen receptor
alpha and detected estrogenic contamination in 60% of all samples with a maximum activity equivalent to 75.2 ng/l of the natural
sex hormone 17β-estradiol. Furthermore, breeding of the molluskan model Potamopyrgus antipodarum in water bottles made of glass and plastic [polyethylene terephthalate (PET)] resulted in an increased reproductive output
of snails cultured in PET bottles. This provides first evidence that substances leaching from plastic food packaging materials
act as functional estrogens in vivo.
Discussion and conclusions Our results demonstrate a widespread contamination of mineral water with xenoestrogens that partly originates from compounds
leaching from the plastic packaging material. These substances possess potent estrogenic activity in vivo in a molluskan sentinel.
Overall, the results indicate that a broader range of foodstuff may be contaminated with endocrine disruptors when packed
in plastics. 相似文献
976.
Martí Nadal Marta Schuhmacher José L. Domingo 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(3):322-328
Background, aim, and scope To enforce the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol targets, a number of governmental/international institutions have launched
emission trade schemes as an approach to specify CO2 caps and to regulate the emission trade in recent years. These schemes have been basically applied for large industrial sectors,
including energy producers and energy-intensive users. Among them, cement plants are included among the big greenhouse gas
(GHG) emitters. The use of waste as secondary fuel in clinker kilns is currently an intensive practice worldwide. However,
people living in the vicinity of cement plants, where alternative fuels are being used, are frequently concerned about the
potential increase in health risks. In the present study, a cost–benefit analysis was applied after substituting classical
fuel for sewage sludge as an alternative fuel in a clinker kiln in Catalonia, Spain.
Materials and methods The economical benefits resulting in the reduction of CO2 emissions were compared with the changes in human health risks due to exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and carcinogenic metals (As, Cd, Co, and Cr) before and after using sewage sludge to
generate 20% of the thermal energy needed for pyro-processing. The exposure to PCDD/Fs and metals through air inhalation,
soil ingestion and dermal absorption was calculated according to the environmental levels in soil. The carcinogenic risks
were assessed, and the associated cost for the population was estimated by considering the DG Environment’s recommended value
for preventing a statistical fatality (VPF). In turn, the amount of CO2 emitted was calculated, and the economical saving, according to the market prices, was evaluated.
Results The use of sewage sludge as a substitute of conventional energy meant a probability cancer decrease of 4.60 for metals and
a cancer risk increase of 0.04 for PCDD/Fs. Overall, a net reduction of 4.56 cancers for one million people can be estimated.
The associated economical evaluation due to the decreasing cancer for 60,000 people, the current population living near the
cement plant, would be of 0.56 million euros (US$ 0.83 million). In turn, a reduction of 144,000 tons of CO2 emitted between 2003 and 2006 was estimated. Considering a cost of 20 euros per ton of CO2, the global saving would be 2.88 million euros (US$ 4.26 million).
Discussion After the partial substitution of the fuel, the current environmental exposure to metals and PCDD/Fs would even mean a potential
decrease of health risks for the individuals living in the vicinity of the cement plant. The total benefit of using sewage
sludge as an alternative fuel was calculated in 3.44 million euros (US$ 5.09 million). Environmental economics is becoming
an interesting research field to convert environmental benefits (i.e., reduction of health risks, emission of pollutants,
etc.) into economical value.
Conclusions The results show, that while the use of sewage sludge as secondary fuel is beneficial for the reduction in GHG emissions,
no additional health risks for the population derived from PCDD/F and metal emissions are estimated.
Recommendations and perspectives Cost–benefit analysis seems to be a suitable tool to estimate the environmental damage and benefit associated to industrial
processes. Therefore, this should become a generalized practice, mainly for those more impacting sectors such as power industries.
On the other hand, the extension of the study could vastly be enlarged by taking into account other potentially emitted GHGs,
such as CH4 and N2O, as well as other carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic micropollutants. 相似文献
977.
Massimiliano Mazzanti Anna Montini Francesco Nicolli 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2009,54(1):53-61
Waste disposal is an issue that is becoming increasingly important in policy terms in the European Union, and in Italy, a country showing strong geographical heterogeneity in waste management. This paper analyses the process of decoupling/delinking between economic growth and landfilling trends in a framework where economic, policy, geographical elements and spatial issues are all considered as drivers behind the phenomenon. We exploit an original and very rich provincial panel dataset over 1999–2005 for the 103 Italian provinces. Evidence shows that the observed ‘absolute’ decoupling between economic growth and landfilling is driven by a mix of structural factors. Among the main factors, population density, more than the provincial income level, emerges as a crucial driver: local opportunity costs and landfill externalities matter in shaping waste policies and local commitment to a transition away from landfilling of waste (landfill diversion). However, not only structural factors are relevant. If on the one hand landfill taxes are not a significant driver of the phenomenon, waste management tools, such as separated collection for recycling, and the tariff system connected to waste services, bring about significant effect on the amount of landfilled waste. Moreover, regarding the analysis of spatial interrelations across provinces, we note that the presence of incinerators in nearby provinces increases landfill diversion, due probably to free riding behaviour or intra-provinces ‘agreements’ on waste management; this is not true for nearby landfill sites, that cause for a given province a strong lock in effect. Future research could strengthen the analysis of policy effectiveness at regional level, focusing on policy endogeneity, and the full investigation of spatial correlations in waste disposal performances. 相似文献
978.
充填管道系统失效模式与影响分析(FMEA)及失效影响模糊评估 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
根据金川矿区充填管道系统的运行情况,结合充填实践经验,建立了充填管道系统的失效模式与影响分析法(FMEA)分析表,得出系统存在10种失效模式。针对FMEA分析表中失效影响存在较大模糊性而难以有效估计的特点,引入模糊评估方法来进行分析。通过该矿区充填管道系统各失效模式产生失效影响的模糊评估,得到不同失效模式对系统可靠性影响的排序结果。结果表明:该方法的评估结果与实际情况比较吻合;可以使分析定量化,有助于工程人员充分利用系统模糊信息;该方法也能用于其他系统失效模式影响的模糊评估。 相似文献
979.
随着重庆市经济快速的发展,土地与生态环境的矛盾也越加尖锐。利用层次分析法,选择PSR(压力、状态、响应)指标模型对重庆市“一小时经济圈”2000和2006年的生态环境质量进行定量评价。结果发现:2000和2006年,整体上渝西地区的潼南、铜梁、大足、壁山、永川以及荣昌等区县生态环境都处于一个较差的水平,而涪陵均处于较高的水平。两年间研究区域生态质量均以优、良为主,所占面积比例分别为6096%和6256%;从2000年到2006年,研究区生态环境质量整体呈一个明显下降的趋势,显著变差的面积比例达到3171%,而显著变好的区域面积比例仅有524%;研究区生态环境下降区域面积比例达到5972%,而生态环境上升区域面积则仅有2702%,生态环境质量变化区域具有明显的空间差异性,显著变差区域基本分布于渝西南地区,即成渝交通干线辐射区域及主城大部分地区. 相似文献
980.
Effects of a herbicide-insecticide mixture in freshwater microcosms: risk assessment and ecological effect chain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Van den Brink PJ Crum SJ Gylstra R Bransen F Cuppen JG Brock TC 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(1):237-249
Effects of chronic application of a mixture of the herbicide atrazine and the insecticide lindane were studied in indoor freshwater plankton-dominated microcosms. The macroinvertebrate community was seriously affected at all but the lowest treatment levels, the zooplankton community at the three highest treatment levels, with crustaceans, caddisflies and dipterans being the most sensitive groups. Increased abundance of the phytoplankton taxa Cyclotella sp. was found at the highest treatment level. Threshold levels for lindane, both at population and community level, corresponded well with those reported in the literature. Atrazine produced fewer effects than expected, probably due to decreased grazer stress on the algae as a result of the lindane application. The safety factors set by the Uniform Principles for individual compounds were also found to ensure protection against chronic exposure to a mixture of a herbicide and insecticide at community level, though not always at the population level. 相似文献