春季不同天气城市街头绿地内PM2.5质量浓度分布特征研究

于2012年春季,采用水平分布监测法监测了3种天气下距交通污染源不同距离的街头绿地中的PM2.5质量浓度,研究了不同天气下PM2.5的日变化、水平分布规律及绿地对PM2.5的净化效应,为城市街头绿地、城市公园建设及市民合理选择休闲锻炼时间和地点提供理论依据。结果表明：1）晴天和多云时,PM2.5质量浓度上午高于下午,7：00浓度最高,15：00最低;雨后阴天基本保持上升趋势。2）PM2.5日均质量浓度为晴天（61.67μg·m-3）〈多云（187.98μg·m-3）〈雨后阴天（291.48μg·m-3）。晴天除5：00和7：00外,其他时刻均达到国家二级标准,且13：00—15：00达到国家一类功能区空气质量要求;多云和雨后阴天PM2.5质量浓度分别超过国家二级浓度限值150.6%和288.6%。3）观测时段内,无论哪种天气,5：00、7：00、11：00和15：00绿地的净化功能较强,19：00净化功能均最差,所有监测点无一例外的表现为负效应。4）3种天气下,PM2.5质量浓度在距离道路10~25 m最高,绿地的净化效应最差,55 m外基本可以形成稳定的森林内环境。5）在南方高湿环境下,空气相对湿度是影响PM2.5质量浓度的主要因素,晴天和多云天气PM2.5浓度与相对湿度呈显著正相关,而雨后阴天二者呈负相关关系。6）在一定阈值内,街头绿地能够缓解PM2.5污染,为居民提供良好的休闲环境。从游憩时间来看,市民可以选择晴天进入街头绿地休闲,多云和雨后阴天尽量减少外出;从活动最佳地段来看,距离污染源55 m以上适宜休闲锻炼;从街头绿地的规划面积来看,半径以不小于55 m为宜。     

林业发展新模式:智慧林业的评述(Ⅱ)

介绍了智慧林业的概念、基本特征及形成背景、新观念,分析了数字林业、智慧林业与泛在林业的关系,阐述了中国及智慧林业发展战略,建议深入研究智慧林业定义、内涵、外延、特征、观点、问题及对策,以便形成一门崭新的科学——智慧林业科学.     

《名古屋议定书》政府间委员会(ICNP)议题谈判成效

《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第10次会议(COP-10)决定设立名古屋议定书政府间委员会(ICNP),主要负责《关于遗传资源获取与惠益分享(ABS)的名古屋议定书》(简称《议定书》)缔约方大会第1次会议(COP/MOP-1)的筹备工作。2011年6月、2012年7月和2014年2月,分别在加拿大、印度和韩国共召开了3次会议。会议对《议定书》生效和执行将面临的问题开展了讨论。通过详细梳理不同缔约方与其它国家政府对两年期方案预算、COP/MOP议事规则、COP/MOP-1临时议程草案、全球多边惠益分享机制、ABS信息交换所、能力建设、意识提高、遵约程序和机制、监测与报告以及示范合同条款等主要议题所持观点,总结了会议的进展动态,综合分析了各议题的谈判成效,深入探讨了名古屋议定书委员会对《议定书》生效和执行的积极作用以及面临的挑战。     

有色金属冶炼区铊(Tl)的水环境分布特征与环境对策--以大冶冶炼厂地区的东岗河为例

以大冶冶炼厂地区的东岗河为例,分析有色金属冶炼区铊的水环境分布特征,结果表明：河水中的铊含量明显异常(严重污染区的平均含量为15．07ng／mL。远超过饮用水源水中铊的最高允许浓度0．1ng／mL)．且与水体pH值、Cu^2 、Pb^2 等含量显著相关;铊与Pb等亲铜元素呈类质同像。宏观上与方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿等伴生．因此后者成为研究区铊的重要来源。最后,对铊所造成的环境危害效应．提出相应的解决对策,并提醒人们提高对铊污染的警惕性以及加深对铊的研究。     

对突发环境事件应急立法的思考

建立突发环境事件应急法律体系,是一项复杂的系统工程,需要较长时间.而目前急需综合性的和可操作的法律规范,对突发环境事件予以规制.因此,可行的办法是尽快制定过渡性的《突发环境事件应急条例》制定该条例必须把握突发环境事件的内涵与现状,理清现行相关法律规范,以确立条例的宗旨,调整范围和原则,并在此基础上建立完善的突发环境事件应急法律制度.     

The cytotoxicity of nici2 for mammalian cells in culture†

The effects of NiCl₂ were studied in two human cell lines, HeLa and diploid embryonic fibroblasts as well as in V79 Chinese hamster cells and in L‐A mouse fibroblasts. NiCl₂ produces a dose‐dependent depression of proliferation, mitotic rate, and viability, accompanied by an increasing release of lactic dehydrogenase and stimulation of lactic acid production. The plating efficiency is reduced, as are DNA and protein synthesis and, to a lesser degree, RNA synthesis.

The cytotoxicity of NiCl₂ is comparable in degree to those of PbCl₂ and MnCl₂, but is weaker than those of HgCl₂ and CdCl₂. However, the different sensitivities of different cell lines must also be considered.

NiCl₂ effects are more severe in serum‐free medium than in medium containing serum or serum albumin indicating that serum constituents, notably albumin, bind the metal effectively and inhibit cellular uptake; this confirms earlier reports on the serum binding and slow uptake of NiCl₂.

Synchronized cells are most sensitive in the Gl and early S phases of the cell cycle. In the Painter test the depression of DNA synthesis persists following cessation of exposure to NiCI₂. These findings contribute an explanation for the known genotoxic effects of nickel.     

Biological effects of selenium and relationships with carcinogenesis†

Selenium is an element that is both essential, at low levels of dietary intake, and toxic, at high levels, to man and a wide range of animals. The purpose of the communication is to review the evidence for the involvement of hyper‐ and hypo‐selenosis in the aetiology of cancer. High levels of selenium intake have been blamed for an increase in cancer, dental caries and an array of other conditions. Critical evaluation of the evidence, however, leads to the conclusion that such claims have little substance. On the other hand, low levels of selenium intake may be associated with an increased incidence of certain forms of cancer and there appears to be an inverse relationship between blood selenium levels and cancer death rate in the United States. Keshan Disease, in the People's Republic of China has only been shown to occur in populations severely depleted of selenium. In well nourished populations there is no evidence to indicate that selenium supplements have any prophylactic or therapeutic benefit against human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease or cystic fibrosis.     

Biochemical properties of beryllium potentially relevant to its carcinogenicity†

The carcinogenicity of beryllium to several animal species is well established and evidence exists which strongly suggests that this is the case in human exposure. In this review several biochemical properties of the metallocarcinogen are considered including, the causation of cell transformation, and infidelity of DNA synthesis, inhibition of cell division and enzyme induction, and interference with regulatory mechanisms controlling gene expression. These effects are discussed in relation to beryllium chemistry, cellular accumulation mechanisms and distribution to subcellular organdies and molecular targets. It is suggested that the ultimate location and interactions of the metal ion in cell nuclei and its selective inhibition of certain protein phosphorylation reactions in particular are the biochemical effects potentially most relevant to induction of beryllium carcinogenesis.     

尾矿库上覆排土场工程危险源辨识及安全评估技术研究

随着我国对尾砂及尾矿库场地综合利用的更高要求,尾矿库上覆排土场工程的数量不断增多。尾矿库上覆排土场工程是金属非金属矿山高危、典型并涵盖许多关键安全科学问题的特殊工程。提出了“尾矿库上覆排土场工程”的定义,总结了尾矿库上覆排土场工程的结构特点,具备隐蔽工程复杂、尾矿库固结程度难以判断、排土场变形趋势复杂等特点,提出了尾矿库上覆排土场工程危险有害因素的辨识方法;研究了工程中尾矿库固结程度、排土场结构的探测技术和方法,利用图像处理技术分析了尾矿库上修建排土场工程的隐蔽工程质量。基于上述分析结果,提出了尾矿库上覆排土场工程的灾害防治措施。上述成果可为今后在闭库尾矿库上修建排土场的安全鉴定提供重要依据。     

中国沿海区域旅游化与生态环境耦合度分析及预测

中国沿海区域旅游产业发展主要以海洋资源和环境为依托,故处理好旅游产业发展与生态环境的关系是中国沿海旅游产业实现可持续发展的基础和前提。区域旅游化程度可以反映区域旅游产业发展水平,为探求中国沿海区域旅游产业发展与生态环境之间关系的态势和规律,首先,在构建中国沿海区域旅游化程度和生态环境质量水平的指标体系的基础上,以2000—2010年沿海11省(区)统计数据为基础,运用加权主成分TOPSIS法分别对两个系统进行综合评价;其次,基于物理学中的耦合模型,对中国沿海区域旅游化程度和生态环境质量的耦合度及其协调指数进行计算,并分析它们时空格局及其演变特征;最后,基于灰色系统理论,运用GM(1,1)预测模型对中国沿海区域未来15 a中国沿海区域旅游化水平与生态环境耦合度进行预测。研究结果发现:中国沿海区域旅游产业与生态环境两个系统在2000—2010年间一直处于拮抗期,但山东省、浙江省、江苏省和广西省将在2015年前先后由低水平的拮抗期跨入良性耦合阶段,而其他省(区)将处于并将长期处于拮抗期,且天津市、辽宁省和海南省两个系统的耦合度有下降趋势。