Anthropometry for Design for the Elderly

This paper presents anthropometric data on elderly people in Australia. Data were collected in the metropolitan city of Sydney, NSW, Australia. In all 171 elderly people (males and females, aged 65 years and above) took part in the study. Mean values, standard deviations, medians, range, and coefficients of variation for the various body dimensions were estimated. Correlation coefficients were also calculated to determine the relationship between different body dimensions for the elderly population. The mean stature of elderly Australian males and females were compared with populations from other countries. The paper discusses design implications for elderly people and provides several examples of application of the anthropometric data.     

天津市某社区老年人PM2.5暴露痕量元素健康风险评估

为研究PM_2.5暴露特征,对天津市某社区101名老年人(平均年龄67岁)夏季(2011年6月13日—7月2日)和冬季(2011年11月30日—12月12日)的PM_2.5暴露水平进行了监测,并分析了PM_2.5载带痕量元素的含量及其健康风险. 结果表明,研究对象夏、冬两季PM_2.5个体暴露浓度分别为(124.2±75.2)、(170.8±126.6)μg/m3,室内暴露浓度分别为(120.0±48.9)、(164.9±125.7)μg/m3,环境暴露浓度分别为(98.6±33.3)、(140.0±87.7)μg/m3. 10种痕量元素中,ρ(Zn)最高,夏季为324.18~345.65ng/m3,占痕量元素总质量浓度的37%以上;冬季为148.36~362.00ng/m3,占痕量元素总质量浓度的35%以上. V、Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn和Pb的非致癌风险值均小于1,理论风险较小;但其中Cr和Mn风险值均超过0.1〔HQ(风险系数)分别为0.882和0.306〕,对于属于易感人群的老年人群体,仍有可能对其身体健康产生危害,需引起重视;As、Cd和总体致癌风险均超过10-6,对人体健康的危害不容忽视.      

老年人照料设施中失能老人疏散策略研究*

为探究高效安全的老年人照料设施中失能老人疏散策略,通过构建失能老人全部疏散模式、佩戴防毒面具的就地保护模式和混合疏散模式下护理人员的行为模型,以河南平顶山“5.25”特别重大火灾事故为背景,运用Pathfinder2018软件模拟佩戴防毒面具的就地保护模式下防毒面具集中存放和独立存放方式对疏散效果影响,分析防毒面具独立存放条件下混合疏散模式的疏散效果。结果表明:防毒面具独立存放方式较集中存放方式用时减少86.8 s,减少了38.8%;护理人员辅助救助时间与运动时间、疏散距离、救护老人人数和救助房间数有关,集中存放方式下救助房间数影响较大,独立存放方式下救助房间数对辅助救护时间影响不明显;防毒面具独立存放方式下混合疏散模式与佩戴防毒面具的就地保护模式相比,火灾直接威胁区内失能老人疏散时间减少19.775 s,减少了16.6%,疏散效率高,实效性强。研究结果对医疗机构和托幼机构人员疏散具有一定的借鉴意义。     

我国城市老年人宜居环境评价指标体系研究

老年人宜居环境评价指标体系研究是人居环境理论发展的内在要求,是迎接老龄社会到来和增进老龄事业进步的必然选择。因此,以构建老年人宜居环境评价指标体系为目的,利用统一建模语言（UML）建模方法,提出获取指标的过程,最终得到体系结构,这不仅使指标体系的设置具有可操作性,也扩展了UML的应用范围,使软件系统的建模在社会学领域得以借鉴。     

NO2对高血压患者血压和脉压的短期影响

为了探讨气态污染物NO₂对高血压患者血压水平和脉压的短期影响,本文基于前瞻性队列研究,收集甘肃省金昌市2011年1月1日~2015年11月30日逐日NO₂监测数据及同期气象观测数据,运用混合效应模型,在控制随机效应及其他混杂因素的基础上,分析NO₂与高血压患者血压水平和脉压的关联性.结果表明：（1）NO₂在滞后1d（lag1）时平均浓度每升高1个IQR,收缩压升高0.457mmHg（0.131~0.784）,滞后7d（lag7）和4d（lag4）时,NO₂的平均浓度每升高1个IQR,舒张压上升0.276mmHg（0.025~0.527）,脉压上升0.402mmHg（0.047~0.758）,且结果均具有统计学意义.（2）性别、年龄、BMI、吸烟、饮酒、季节在NO₂对高血压患者血压水平和脉压的效应中可能具有修饰作用.多污染物模型及调整沙尘影响后,NO₂对高血压患者血压及脉压的影响保持一致.     

Detection of the toughest: Pedestrian injury risk as a smooth function of age

Objective: Though it is common to refer to age-specific groups (e.g., children, adults, elderly), smooth trends conditional on age are mainly ignored in the literature. The present study examines the pedestrian injury risk in full-frontal pedestrian-to–passenger car accidents and incorporates age—in addition to collision speed and injury severity—as a plug-in parameter.

Methods: Recent work introduced a model for pedestrian injury risk functions using explicit formulae with easily interpretable model parameters. This model is expanded by pedestrian age as another model parameter. Using the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) to obtain age-specific risk proportions, the model parameters are fitted to the raw data and then smoothed by broken-line regression.

Results: The approach supplies explicit probabilities for pedestrian injury risk conditional on pedestrian age, collision speed, and injury severity under investigation. All results yield consistency to each other in the sense that risks for more severe injuries are less probable than those for less severe injuries. As a side product, the approach indicates specific ages at which the risk behavior fundamentally changes. These threshold values can be interpreted as the most robust ages for pedestrians.

Conclusions: The obtained age-wise risk functions can be aggregated and adapted to any population. The presented approach is formulated in such general terms that in can be directly used for other data sets or additional parameters; for example, the pedestrian's sex. Thus far, no other study using age as a plug-in parameter can be found.     

新世纪的老年教育与资源价值观

老年资源价值观是以健康的老龄化为前提的,高素质的老年群体,是与全方位的终身教育联系在一起的,高素质的老年群体所产生的社会价值和社会影响是其他群体难以替代的。老年教育不仅对老年人的现代观念、生活方式和生活质量的影响至关重要,而且使老年人口作为社会资源得到进一步开发,促进社会经济的可持续发展。     

The Comparative Approach on Outdoor Leisure Behavior of Urban Elderly People: A Case Study in Beijing

Abstract

With the income increase of elderly people in Beijing and the improvement of leisure facilities since 2000, the quality of elderly people leisure life in Beijing has obviously increased compared to ten years ago. According to the investigation and comparative analysis on more than 900 elderly people, who usually exercise in public parks in Beijing City, we have found out several new features of elderly people’s outdoor recreation in Beijing: the increase of the leisure time, the expansion of leisure space, the individuation of interest and the diversification of consumption. The leisure life quality evaluation index system of urban elderly people can be built based on these analyses. In order to accommodate the development tendency of elderly people’s demand for leisure diversification, we should strengthen the organization and management of elderly people’s leisure activity in urban construction, and pay more attention to function complementation between communities and parks.     

Effective interventions on health effects of Chinese rural elderly under heat exposure

● Education and subsidy were effective interventions during short-term heat exposure. ● A new index was defined to evaluate the intervention performance. ● Blood pressure and sleep duration were more heat-sensitive for the elderly. Due to climate change, the heatwave has become a more serious public health threat with aging as an aggravating factor in recent years. There is a pressing need to detect the most effective prevention and response measures. However, the specific health effects of interventions have not been characterized on an individual scale. In this study, an intervention experiment was designed to explore the health effects of heat exposure at the individual level and assess the effects of different interventions based on a comprehensive health sensitivity index (CHSI) in Xinyi, China. Forty-one subjects were recruited randomly, and divided into one control group and three intervention groups. Interventions included education (Educate by lecturing, offering relative materials, and communication), subsidy support (offer subsidy to offset the cost of running air conditioning), and cooling-spray (install a piece of cooling-spray equipment in the yard). Results showed that systolic blood pressure (SBP) and deep sleep duration (DSD) were significantly affected by short-term heat exposure, and the effects could be alleviated by three types of interventions. The estimated CHSI indicated that the effective days of the education group were longer than other groups, while the lower CHSI of the subsidy group showed lower sensitivity than the control group. These findings provide feasible implementation strategies to optimize Heat-health action plans and evaluate the intervention performance.     

上海市免费公园中老年游客行为及满意度特征调查

中老年游客是免费公园游客人群的主要群体,以上海市27座免费公园为例,分析中老年两年龄段游客行为特征,以及其对公园设施服务的重要性和满意度。结果表明:中年游客具有择园路程范围广,公共交通利用率高,来园频率低,入园时间晚,喜爱亲子活动,停留时间短等特征;而老年游客则表现出偏爱短距离公园,以步行为主,来园频率高,入园时间早,倾向运动健身,停留时间长等特征。两年龄段游客对公园满意度评价总体相近,均认为绿化、卫生状况和安全性,以及景点、厕所和无障碍设施设置是影响游客来园的关键因子,前3项令游客满意,而后3项却达不到期望。针对两年龄段游客不同的行为和满意度特征,对免费公园的经营管理提出建议。