波长与辐射强度对活性艳蓝KN -R光催化降解的影响

以TiO2为光催化剂,分别测定了365 nm和254 nm两种紫外光源波长及辐射强度对活性艳蓝KN-R模拟废水处理效果的影响.实验结果表明:在波长365 nm紫外光源照射2h后,活性艳蓝KN-R降解率达69.1％,活性艳蓝KN-R的降解可用二级反应速率方程拟合;在波长254nm紫外光源照射1h后,活性艳蓝KN-R降解率...     

Response of diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nostoc carneum under pesticide and UV-B stress

A study was under taken, under controlled laboratory conditions, to investigate the influence of non-ionizing radiation (UV-B) and an organochlorine pesticide on the growth, photosynthetic pigments, protein content and DCPIP photoreduction of a cyanobacterium Nostoc carneum. Test algae was isolated from rice field soils of Sambalpur, Western Orissa, India and grown in nitrogen free BG 11 culture medium. Culture of algae from log phase of growth was treated with 5 ppm of the insecticide, Endodhan and UV-B (20 mW m⁻²) for 2 h daily, separately and in combination of insecticide and UV-B radiation. Algal samples treated with UV-B and pesticide separately showed distinct inhibitory effects on growth, pigments, protein content and DCPIP reduction of the test samples. However, when pesticide treated samples were subjected to UV-B exposure, the effect showed additive as well as synergetic effect. Experiment conducted to check the ability of the organism to recover from the stress, exposed for various time periods, suggest their ability to partially recover from the stress.     

Decomposition and mineralization of cefaclor by ionizing radiation: kinetics and effects of the radical scavengers

There has been recent growing interest in the presence of antibiotics in different environmental sectors. One considerable concern is the potential development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment, even at low concentrations. Cefaclor, one of the beta-lactam antibiotics, is widely used as an antibiotic. Kinetic studies were conducted to evaluate the decomposition and mineralization of cefaclor using gamma radiation. Cefaclor, 30 mg/l, was completely degraded with 1,000 Gy of gamma radiation. At a concentration of 30 mg/l, the removal efficiency, represented by the G-value, decreased with increasing accumulated radiation dose. Batch kinetic experiments with initial aqueous concentrations of 8.9, 13.3, 20.0 and 30.0mg/l showed the decomposition of cefaclor using gamma radiation followed a pseudo first-order reaction, and the dose constant increased with lower initial concentrations. At a given radiation dose, the G-values increased with higher initial cefaclor concentrations. The experimental results using methanol and thiourea as radical scavengers indicated that ()OH radicals were more closely associated with the radiolytic decomposition of cefaclor than other radicals, such as e(aq)(-) or ()H. The radical scavenger effects were tested under O(2) and N(2)O saturations for the enhancement of the TOC percentage removal efficiencies in the radiolytic decomposition of cefaclor. Under O(2) saturation, 90% TOC removal was observed with 100,000 Gy. Oxygen is well known to play a considerable role in the degradation of organic substances with effective chain reaction pathways. According to the effective radical reactions, the enhanced TOC percentage removal efficiencies might be based on the fast conversion reactions of e(aq)(-) and ()H with O(2) into oxidizing radicals, such as O(2)(-) and HO(2)(), respectively. 100% TOC removal was obtained with N(2)O gas at 20,000 Gy, as reducing radicals, such as e(aq)(-) and ()H, are scavenged by N(2)O and converted into ()OH radicals, which have strong oxidative properties. The results of this study showed that gamma irradiation was very effective for the removal of cefaclor in aqueous solution. The use of O(2) or N(2)O, with radiation, shows promise as effective radical scavengers for enhancing the TOC or COD removal efficiencies in pharmaceutical wastewaters containing antibiotics. However, the biological toxicity and interactions between various chemicals during the radiolytic treatment, as well as treatments under conditions more representative of real wastewater will require further studies.     

Influence of solar UV radiation on the nitrogen metabolism in needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Needles of 20-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings were studied in an ultraviolet (UV) exclusion field experiment (from 2000 to 2002) in northern Finland (67 °N). The chambers held filters that excluded both UV-B and UV-A, excluded UV-B only, transmitted all UV (control), or lacked filters (ambient). UV-B/UV-A exclusion decreased nitrate reductase (NR) activity of 1-year-old needles of Scots pines compared to the controls. The proportion of free amino acids varied in the range 1.08-1.94% of total proteins, and was significantly higher in needles of saplings grown under UV-B/UV-A exclusion compared to the controls or UV-B exclusion. NR activity correlated with air temperature, indicating a “chamber effect”. The study showed that both UV irradiance and increasing temperature are significant modulators of nitrogen (N) metabolism in Scots pine needles.     

氚靶制备现场氚的辐射防护

氚靶制备过程中氚的辐射防护是整项工作能否顺利完成的关键之一,本文以一次氚靶制备为例,报道了氚靶制备现场氚的辐射防护。结果表明：在氚靶制备过程中,充氚手套箱、操作间和排放烟囱内的氚浓度均未达到操作现场设定的氚的管理值,本次制靶过程中外排氚量为6．78×10^9Bq;制靶期间操作间地面和工作台、仪表上氚表面污染最大值分别为23．20Bq／cm^2、1．85Bq／cm^2、11．53Bq／cm^2,均远低于GB18871—2002中规定的控制区表面放射性物质污染控制水平值;剂量监测间地面氚表面污染最大值为8．92Bq／cm^2,低于国家标准中对监督区表面氚污染的控制限值;操作人员休息间、剂量监测控制间和走廊地面氚表面污染最大值分别为15．28Bq／cm^2、3．35Bq／cm^2、14．05Bq／cm^2,低于国标中对非限制区表面氚污染的控制水平;本次充氚活动中现场工作人员所受的剂量在国家标准值以下,对公众造成的附加剂量远低于GB18871—2002中规定的限值。     

电离辐射处理工业废水的研究进展

在介绍电离辐射降解污染物机理的基础上,概述了电离辐射在水处理中的应用,重点讲述了影响污染物辐照降解的因素,包括水质（污染物初始浓度、pH值、溶剂性质和自由基清除剂）和辐射源（辐射源种类和辐照剂量率）两方面的影响,并讲述了污染物的辐照降解模型.最后提出电离辐射在水处理中存在的问题,对其研究和发展方向进行了展望.     

田间增强UV-B辐射对麦田生态系统Fe营养和累积的影响

研究大田栽培和自然光条件下,模拟ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射（ＵＶ－Ｂ,２８０ｎｍ ～３１５ｎｍ ）增强对麦田生态系统Ｆｅ营养和累积的影响．在４ 个生育期中,ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射显著增加叶和穗Ｆｅ含量,显著降低根Ｆｅ 含量,并改变茎Ｆｅ 含量．叶Ｆｅ累积对ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射的响应有明显的生育期之间的差异． 分蘖期无显著变化,拔节期和扬花期显著增加,而成熟期显著降低．在各生育期,ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射显著降低叶、根和穗Ｆｅ累积．ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射显著降低春小麦不同生育期Ｆｅ总累积,在５．３１ｋＪ·ｍ^-2 ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射下,降低最显著．ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射还降低春小麦群体Ｆｅ输出．麦田土壤速效Ｆｅ含量增加是春小麦群体Ｆｅ输出降低的结果,可能导致土壤库中Ｆｅ 储量的增加．     

闪火灾害的后果分析

闪火是可燃性气体或蒸气泄漏到空气中并与之混合被点燃而发生的一种非爆炸性的蒸气云燃烧,其主要危害是热辐射和火焰直接灼烧。闪火的热辐射计算包括闪火动力特性及热通量计算。热辐射的大小由火焰的辐射能,视角系数和大气传输率所决定。运用Pietersen(1990)热辐射的伤害－破坏理论,分析计算了一起闪火灾害热辐射造成人的伤害后果和对建筑物的破坏后果。     

大气中γ辐射空气吸收剂量率的波动机制

基于广西防城港市、福建福清市和宁德市的3个滨海核电厂周边γ辐射空气吸收剂量率长时间高频率的连续观测数据,从不同时间尺度进行系统解析.研究发现,在年际尺度上,2014～2020年间宁德嵛山岛站位γ辐射空气吸收剂量率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,与太阳活动的先减弱后增强存在一定的反相位关联;在季节尺度上,2019年度3个站位的观...     

基于柱状发光体悬浆式光催化反应器绝对量子产率的计算方法

与均相体系不同 ,多相光催化体系不能忽略催化剂颗粒对光子的散射 ,但严格求解光辐射传递方程在数学上是很困难的 .通常采用的输入光强计算表观量子产率的方法往往低估了真实的光量子产率 .本文针对带有柱状发光体圆筒形悬浆体系反应器 ,在做出一些合理的简化后 ,提出了一种以二氧化钛为催化剂在近紫外光辐照下多相光催化绝对量子产率的计算方法 .以苯酚为模型化合物 ,应用在典型反应器中光催化降解的实验结果 ,求得局域体积光子吸收速率 (LVRPA)在反应器内的分布 ,计算了绝对光量子产率 .表观量子产率与绝对量子产率相差7.08% ,约有1.1%输入光辐射从反应器筒壁上被淬灭 .本方法可用来评价不同催化剂或同一催化剂不同模型化合物的光催化效率 ,也为光催化反应器的设计提供了依据 .