环境自动监测站固定式辐射监测仪性能测试与评价

参考计量技术规范《固定式环境γ辐射空气比释动能(率)仪现场校准规范》(JJF 1733—2018),对辐射环境空气自动监测站78台高气压电离室开展辐射特性测试。现场校准方面,仅88%的电离室满足1±0.2的响应范围要求;78台电离室的重复性均不超过1%,响应的非线性均不超过6.5%,符合规范要求。针对电离室开展辐射性能测试,发现电离室在9.0×10^-2~1.0×10⁹ μGy/h范围内的响应均不超过1±0.2;电离室对164 keV以上的光子的能量响应趋于1.0,对60 keV以下的光子无响应能力,而当光子能量在60~164 keV范围内时,响应曲线会因γ光子与电离室内部惰性气体的光电效应出现"鼓包";电离室不具备对核临界事故脉冲辐射的监测与警示能力;电离室能够在2 s内给出测量范围内的准确示值,但在分段电压的交界处,响应时间会延长至180~360 s;电离室的响应受环境温度、湿度变化的影响大小不足±0.01,表明电离室的环境适应性优良。     

以环境质量为核心构建电磁环境标准体系的建议

结合当前我国电磁环境管理的需求,分析了现有电磁环境标准的制定情况及存在的问题,提出以环境质量为核心,构建具有5个不同层次的电磁环境标准体系,包括电磁环境质量标准、电磁辐射排放（控制）标准、电磁环境监测标准、电磁环境基础标准和电磁环境管理技术规范。根据标准的定位、作用、特征及相互关系,提出了电磁环境标准制修订的相关建议。     

中国辐射环境监测法规标准问题分析

随着辐射环境复杂程度的不断提升,国内外良好实践和先进技术的出现,以及中国持续改善环境质量总目标的确立,中国的辐射环境监测法规标准体系面临新的挑战。通过对中国辐射环境监测法规标准进行梳理和研究,指出现有法规标准中存在的问题,提出解决问题的对策,建议加快制修订《中华人民共和国放射性污染防治法》、《环境监测管理条例》、《环境监测管理办法》以及辐射环境监测工作系列导则和相关行业标准,以保证辐射安全工作规范开展,全方位保证中国辐射环境质量提升。     

基于客流结构的高铁经济辐射效应研究——以武汉市为例

立足对高铁经济辐射理论模式的认识,运用行为地理学的微观分析方法,以实地调查问卷为主要数据来源,以武汉市为案例,通过客流结构的系统解析透视高铁经济的辐射效应。研究表明:高铁经济的辐射效应与城市经济结构高度相关。在空间上,呈现出中心城区较强、外围城区较弱的总体态势,倾向于强化武昌、江汉和东湖高新区等核心地区的空间增长;在产业上,呈现以促进第三产业发展为主,有利于推动现代服务业和高新技术产业等主导部门的优化发展。研究结论能够为类似城市的高铁经济发展和武汉市的经济结构调整提供借鉴和启示。     

Global solar radiation and energy yield estimation from photovoltaic power plants for small loads

Daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface and duration of sunshine hours have been determined experimentally for five meteorological stations in Saudi Arabia, namely, Abha, Al-Ahsa, Al-Jouf, Al-Qaisumah, and Wadi Al-Dawaser sites. Five-years of data covering 1998–2002 period have been used. Suitable Angstrom models have been developed for the global solar radiation estimation as a function of the sunshine duration for each respective sites. Daily averages of monthly solar PV power outputs have been determined using the Angstrom models developed. The effect of the PV cell temperature on the PV efficiency has been considered in calculating the PV power output. The annual average PV output energy has been discussed in all five sites for small loads. The minimum and maximum monthly average values of the daily global solar radiation are found to be 12.09 MJ/m²/d and 30.42 MJ/m²/d for Al-Qaisumah and Al-Jouf in the months of December June, respectively. Minimum monthly average sunshine hours of 5.89 hr were observed in Al-Qaisumah in December while a maximum of 12.92 hr in Al-Jouf in the month of June. Shortest range of sunshine hours of 7.33–10.12 hr was recorded at Abha station. Minimum monthly average Solar PV power of 1.59 MJ/m²/day was obtained at Al-Qaisumah in the month of December and a maximum of 3.39 MJ/m²/day at Al-Jouf in June. The annual PV energy output was found to be 276.04 kWh/m², 257.36 kWh/m², 256.75 kWh/m², 245.44 kWh/m², and 270.95 kWh/m² at Abha, Al-Ahsa, Al-Jouf, Al-Qaisumah, and Wadi Al-Dawaser stations, respectively. It is found that the Abha site yields the highest solar PV energy among the five sites considered.     

Gaseous mercury emissions from unsterilized and sterilized soils: The effect of temperature and UV radiation

Mercury (Hg) emissions from the soils taken from two different sites (deciduous and coniferous forests) in the Adirondacks were measured in outdoor and laboratory experiments. Some of the soil samples were irradiated to eliminate biological activity. The result from the outdoor measurements with different soils suggests the Hg emission from the soils is partly limited by fallen leaves covering the soils which helps maintain relatively high soil moisture and limits the amount of heat and solar radiation reaching the soil surface. In laboratory experiments exposure to UV-A (365 nm) had no significant effect on the Hg emissions while the Hg emissions increased dramatically during exposure to UV-B (302 nm) light suggesting UV-B directly reduced soil-associated Hg. Overall these results indicate that for these soils biotic processes have a relatively constant and smaller influence on the Hg emission from the soil than the more variable abiotic processes.     

Assessment of indoor radiation level in the environs of the uranium deposit area of West Khasi Hills District,Meghalaya, India

An estimation of the indoor background radiation dose distribution was carried out in dwellings of eleven villages located within and around the uranium mineralization area of Kylleng-Pyndensohiong, Mawthabah in West Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya, India. The ambient indoor gamma radiation level was monitored using Thermo Luminescence Dosimeters (TLDs) while the indoor radon and thoron concentration was measured using twin-cup dosimeters employing Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs). Results obtained from the study reveals that the local inhabitants of villages located close to the mining site receive higher doses than those inhabitants of villages located at a much farther distance from the mining site. The average total annual effective dose was found to be varying from 1.2 mSv y⁻¹ in the village of Langpa to 3.4 mSv y⁻¹ in the village of Nongbah Jynrin. The data obtained will serve as a reference in documenting changes to environmental radioactivity if mining is to be carried out in the future.     

汽车模拟日照太阳辐射试验设备研制

本文根据汽车整车太阳辐射试验的要求,介绍了自主设计的基于红外线灯泡阵列的无紫外线汽车模拟太阳辐射试验设备的总体方案,并重点讨论了在光源、电气控制等各方面的设计思路及具体实现过程。     

Number concentration and size distributions of submicron particles in Jinan urban area： Characteristics in summer and winter

The aerosol number concentration and size distribution were measured with the newly developed Wide-range Particle Spectrometer in summer and winter of 2006 at the urban site of Jinan City.Here reported the characteristics of fine particles of the different observation seasons.Relative high number concentrations for the particles in the diameter range of 10-500 nm were observed in both seasons.It was found that the dominant number distributed in particle diameter smaller than 100 nm and the percentage over the number concentration of all air particles is much higher than what has been measured in other urban sites over the world.The number mean diameter in summer was much smaller than in winter,strongly suggesting the different origin of ultrafine particles in different seasons.That is, particles in ultrafine mode mainly came from nucleation and new particle formation in summer while from traffic emission in winter. The diurnal variation also supported this point.Number concentration in the diameter range of 10-200 nm got their peak values at noontime,well correlated with the mixing ratio of SO_2 and the intensity of solar radiation in summer.While in winter,those in the same diameter range showed the main peaks during the traffic hours happened in the morning and evening.     

吉林省采油厂原油含水率分析仪工作场所辐射防护水平调查及分析

通过系统的监测了解吉林地区采油厂原油含水率分析仪的工作场所放射防护现状,为放射源监督管理部门提供参考依据,为保护环境、保护放射工作人员职业健康提供重要保障,为采油厂对辐射装置管理及措施提供依据.采用国家规定的标准方法对吉林省不同工作环境下的5家采油厂的45台原油含水率分析仪的周围剂量当量进行现场监测,对涉及接触原油含水...