基于ERICA的生物辐射剂量评价

电离辐射防护不仅要保护人类而且要保护非人类生物,这是辐射防护概念的一个重大变化,也是生态保护的一大重要举措。本文概述了欧盟生物辐射剂量评价方法 FASSSET的框架体系结构、参考生物和剂量学模型。本文以某内陆核电厂为例,采用ERICA方法对该核电厂水生生物的辐射影响进行了预测计算。计算结果表明,该内陆核电厂2台百万千瓦级核电机组正常运行时对水生生物的辐射剂量率低于国际组织推荐的400μGy.h-1控制限值和ERICA的筛选剂量值10μGy.h-1。因此,该内陆核电厂不会对厂址附近水域水生生物造成不利影响。ERICA方法可作为中国现阶段开展生物辐射剂量评价的推荐方法。     

燃煤灰渣建材利用产生的辐射影响评价

燃煤灰渣建材利用是解决粉煤灰问题的一个重要途径,而燃煤灰渣对煤中伴生的天然放射性物质的富集使得在对粉煤灰渣进行建材利用时要特别注意其放射性对人类和环境产生的辐射影响。本文依据国家相关标准对燃煤灰渣建材利用产生的辐射影响评价方法作一些探讨,并参考现有的数据对燃煤灰渣建材利用的辐射影响进行了初步评价。研究认为,以现有的灰渣建材利用水平,其产生的辐射影响几乎可以忽略。     

UV-B辐射对亚热带森林凋落叶氮、磷元素释放的影响

UV-B辐射对凋落物分解过程的影响已成为全球变化生态学研究中的前沿和热点问题之一.采用分解袋法对自然和UV-B辐射滤减两种环境下亚热带6种代表性树种(杉木、马尾松、木荷、香樟、青冈和甜槠)凋落叶氮、磷元素的释放动态进行了研究.结果表明,凋落叶氮元素的动态表现为直接富集、释放-富集和释放-富集-释放3种模式,磷元素的动态表现为直接释放、富集-释放-富集和无明显变化3种模式.与对照相比,UV-B辐射滤减显著延缓了甜槠凋落叶氮元素及青冈和甜槠凋落叶磷元素的释放(P<0.05),但促进了香樟凋落叶磷元素的释放(P<0.05),对其他树种凋落叶的氮或磷释放无显著影响.凋落叶的初始氮含量和C/N比值不能解释氮释放动态,C/P比值可以部分解释磷的释放.全球环境变化背景下UV-B辐射在湿润亚热带地区森林生态系统过程中的作用尚需进一步认识和理解.     

电磁辐射污染投诉原因分析及解决办法探讨

近年来,随着经济的发展,高压输变电工程和移动通信基站越来越多地落户于大型居民小区,由此引发的环境投诉和纠纷呈快速上涨趋势。电磁辐射污染投诉产生的原因主要是：电磁辐射环境管理法制不健全,思想上不重视,项目环保审批环节脱节,环保与规划部门信息交流不畅,公众维权意识增强,寻求其他经济利益;针对原因提出的预防和解决办法为：加强法制建设、强化现场监管,理顺项目审批和监管程序,建立与规划部门的联动机制,加强宣传,引导司法解决。     

废烟气回收管网保温的计算分析

铜陵市铜冠电工漆包线生产厂房的催化装置中产生大量温度高达500℃的烟气,该工业余热一直以废气的形式直接排放到大气中,造成热污染和能源浪费。回收该工业废热,利用该烟气余热直接驱动溴化锂吸收式制冷,不仅介绍了该技术的工艺特点,而且从传热学和工程热力学基本理论入手研究烟气回收管道保温的计算分析,建立管道等厚度保温层的管网计算模型和基本理论,为工程实践提供可借鉴计算模板。     

大学生人群手机电磁辐射监测与分析

为研究大学生的手机电磁辐射暴露程度,针对手机的3种使用状态(通话、发短信、上网),用TES-593电磁波污染强度计系统地监测了36部手机,监测点代表耳朵、眼睛和手所在处.结果表明,所有监测值均符合国际非电离辐射防护委员会(ICNIRP)的参考水平.3种使用状态下的手机电磁辐射辐射强度大小依次为通话、发短信、上网;在室内通话、发短信和上网状态下,2G手机近背面的平均电场强度依次为15.27 V/m、11.43 V/m和9.57 V/m;手机在室内通话状态下的电场强度大于室外通话状态下的电场强度,2G手机在这两种状态下,听筒处的平均电场强度分别为16.00 V/m、9.46 V/m.多数手机室内通话电场强度容易超过GB 8702-88《电磁辐射防护规定》的参考值.手机发短信、上网时的辐射强度随距离增大而减小,一般情况下不会超过《电磁辐射防护规定》的参考值.     

Guidelines for Riparian Vegetative Shade Restoration Based Upon a Theoretical Shaded‐Stream Model1

Abstract: Guidelines for riparian vegetative shade restoration were developed using a theoretical model of total daily radiation received by a shaded stream. The model assumed stream shading by nontransmitting, vertical or overhanging, solid vegetation planes in infinitely long reaches. Radiation components considered in the model were direct beam shortwave on the stream centerline, diffuse atmospheric shortwave, shortwave reflected by vegetation, atmospheric longwave, and longwave emitted by vegetation. Potential or extraterrestrial shortwave irradiation theory was used to compute beam shortwave radiation received at the stream centerline, and view factor theory was used to compute diffuse radiation exchange among stream, vegetation, and atmospheric planes. Model shade effects under clear skies were dominated by reductions in receipt of direct beam shortwave radiation. Model shade effects with cloudy skies were dominated by the “view factor effect” or the decreases in diffuse shortwave and longwave radiation from the atmosphere balanced against increases in longwave radiation from vegetation. Model shade effects on shortwave radiation reflected by vegetation were found to be negligible. The model was used to determine the vegetation height (H) to stream width (W) ratios needed to achieve 50, 75, and 90 % shade restoration for mid‐latitude conditions on clear and cloudy days. Ratios of vegetation height to stream width, for dense nontransmitting vegetation, generally ranged from 1.4 to 2.3 for 75% shade restoration at a mid‐latitude site (40°N). The model was used to show H/W needed for E‐W vs. N‐S stream azimuths, varying stream latitudes between 30° and 50°N, channels with overhanging vegetation, channels undergoing width changes, as well as the limits to shade restoration on very wide channels.     

伽玛辐射测量中应注意的几个问题

对伽玛辐射测量时如何合理布点，测量结果的恰当表述，数据的科学运用与分析进行了阐述。     

Evaluation of DNA damage in the root cells of Allium cepa seeds growing in soil of high background radiation areas of Ramsar – Iran

Plants are unique in their ability to serve as in situ monitors for environmental genotoxins. We have used the alkaline comet assay for detecting induced DNA damage in Allium cepa to estimate the impact of high levels of natural radiation in the soils of inhabited zones of Ramsar. The average specific activity of natural radionuclides measured in the soil samples for ²²⁶Ra was 12,766 Bq kg⁻¹ whereas in the control soils was in the range of 34–60 Bq kg⁻¹. A positive strong significant correlation of the DNA damage in nuclei of the root cells of A. cepa seeds germinated in the soil of high background radiation areas with ²²⁶Ra specific activity of the soil samples was observed. The results showed high genotoxicity of radioactively contaminated soils. Also the linear increase in the DNA damage indicates that activation of repair enzymes is not triggered by exposure to radiation in HBRA.     

Infiltration and redistribution of perchloroethylene in partially saturated, stratified porous media

Contamination of the subsurface by nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) is a widespread problem. To investigate the behavior of a nonspreading, dense NAPL (DNAPL) in the vadose zone, we conducted perchloroethylene (PCE) infiltration experiments in nominally 1- and 2-dimensional (D), stratified porous media. In addition, the usefulness and limitations of a multifluid flow simulator to describe PCE infiltration and redistribution under the experimental conditions were tested. The physical simulations were conducted in a column (1-D) and a flow container (2-D) which were packed with two distinct layers of coarse-grained sand and a fine-grained sand layer in between. Volumetric water and PCE contents were determined with a fully automated dual-energy gamma radiation system. While migrating through the drier parts of the coarse-grained sand layers, PCE appeared to wet the water–air interface rather than displacing any water. In the wetter parts of the porous medium, PCE displaced water and behaved as a true nonwetting fluid. PCE showed a limited response to gradients in capillary pressure and rather high values for the volumetric PCE content were measured in the fine-grained sand layers. This was attributed to the nonspreading nature of PCE. The multifluid flow simulator appeared to predict the initial PCE movement in the vadose zone reasonably well. However, the model was not capable of predicting the final amounts of PCE retained in either the unsaturated or saturated part of the flow domain, mainly because the simulator does not consider the nonspreading flow behavior of NAPLs.