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681.
通过对220kV输电线路电磁辐射的实际测量和理论计算,研究和讨论了220kV单回路和双回路输电线产生的电磁辐射对环境的影响,并提出降低电磁辐射水平的对策与建议。 相似文献
682.
随着科学技术和社会经济的高速发展,核技术在工业、农业、医疗等领域得到了越来越广泛的应用,但其在带给人类巨大经济效益的同时,也给社会安全带来了潜在的威协,辐射事故时有发生,不仅污染环境,甚至危及人们的身体健康和生命。文中对辐射事故发生的类型、级别以及发生的原因进行了分析,提出了预防和解决的措施。 相似文献
683.
684.
P. Ele Abiama P. Owono Ateba F.H.P. Ekobena 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(9):739-743
The aim of this work is to determine the radioactivity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in sub-surface (0-5 cm) soil samples collected from Awanda, Bikoué, Ngombas in the southwestern region of Cameroon, to assess their contribution to the external dose exposure relative to the United Nation Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) data. An HPGe p-type detector coupled to a multichannel analyzer was used to perform measurements and data processing. The activity concentrations of 226Ra varied from 0.06 ± 0.01 to 0.27 ± 0.02 kBq kg−1 with a mean value of 0.13 ± 0.01 kBq kg−1 wet weight. The activity concentrations of 232Th varied from 0.10 ± 0.01 to 0.70 ± 0.05 kBq kg−1 with a mean value of 0.39 ± 0.03 kBq kg−1 wet weight, and 40K concentrations varied from 0.37 ± 0.02 to 1.53 ± 0.11 kBq kg−1 with a mean value of 0.85 ± 0.07 kBq kg−1 wet weight, respectively. The mean value of outdoor annual effective doses were estimated to be 0.48 mSv y−1, 0.39 mSv y−1 and 0.38 mSv y−1 from Ngombas, Awanda and Bikoué, respectively. The studied areas can be said to have a high background radiation level. 相似文献
685.
686.
The rate constants of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation by ozonation and UV254 radiation were investigated under various parameters including influent ozone gas concentration, initial SMX concentration, UV light intensity, ionic strength, water quality in terms of varying anions (bicarbonate, sulfate and nitrate), humic acid (HA) and pH. The results indicated that the removal of SMX by ozonation and UV254 radiation fitted well to a pseudo first-order kinetic model and the rate constants were in the range of (0.9-9.8) × 10−3 and (1.7-18.9) × 10−3 s−1, respectively. The second-order rate constants of SMX with ozone (kO3), under varying operational parameters, were also determined and varied in the range of (0.60-3.38) ± 0.13 × 105 M−1 s−1. In addition, SMX degradation through UV pretreatment followed by ozonation in the presence of HA was proved to be an effective method which can remove SMX with a low ozone dose. The results suggested that ozonation of SMX was more affected by concentration of influent ozone gas, alkalinity, and HA, while incident UV light intensity, pH, and HA were the dominant factors influencing UV degradation of SMX. 相似文献
687.
In this study we assessed the degree of copper (Cu) tolerance in two common lichen species (Cladonia furcata and Cladina arbuscula subsp. mitis) that grow on both uncontaminated substrata and the surface of waste heaps from abandoned old Cu-mines. Regardless of their locality, populations of these lichens contain identical strains of photobionts (Asterochloris clade A in C. arbuscula subsp. mitis and clade D in C. furcata). Therefore, it was expected that if there were differences in Cu toxicity or tolerance between populations, that the photobiont could not be a key element of Cu tolerance in these two lichen species. In laboratory experiments samples of both lichen species (from contaminated and control sites) were incubated in Cu solutions (500 μM) for 24 h. We attempted to determine whether Cu tolerance in these lichens was constitutive, or inducible form. Based on measurements of Cu accumulation, chlorophyll a integrity, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthesis, respiration, measurements of the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), the content of soluble proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the amount of extracellular secondary metabolites of both lichens we found that there were no significant differences in the response of all selected populations of both lichen species to short-term exposure to these high levels of Cu. As a result, we conclude that Cu tolerance in these two lichen species is the constitutive rather than the inducible. 相似文献
688.
Little EE Calfee RD Theodorakos P Brown ZA Johnson CA 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(5):333-337
Background Cobalt cyanide complexes often result when ore is treated with cyanide solutions to extract gold and other metals. These have
recently been discovered in low but significant concentrations in effluents from gold leach operations. This study was conducted
to determine the potential toxicity of cobalt-cyanide complexes to freshwater organisms and the extent to which ultraviolet
radiation (UV) potentiates this toxicity. Tests were also conducted to determine if humic acids or if adaptation to UV influenced
sensitivity to the cyanide complexes.
Methods Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed to potassium hexacyanocobaltate in the presence and absence of UV radiation, in the presence and absence of
humic acids. Cyano-cobalt exposures were also conducted with C. dubia from cultures adapted to elevated UV.
Results With an LC50 concentration of 0.38 mg/L, cyanocobalt was over a 1000 times more toxic to rainbow trout in the presence of
UV at a low, environmentally relevant irradiance level (4 μW/cm2 as UVB) than exposure to this compound in the absence of UV with an LC50 of 112.9 mg/L. Toxicity was immediately apparent,
with mortality occurring within an hour of the onset of exposure at the highest concentration. Fish were unaffected by exposure
to UV alone. Weak-acid dissociable cyanide concentrations were observed in irradiated aqueous solutions of cyanocobaltate
within hours of UV exposure and persisted in the presence of UV for at least 96 hours, whereas negligible concentrations were
observed in the absence of UV. The presence of humic acids significantly diminished cyanocobalt toxicity to D. magna and reduced mortality from UV exposure. Humic acids did not significantly influence survival among C. dubia. C. dubia from UV-adapted populations were less sensitive to metallocyanide compounds than organisms from unadapted populations.
Conclusions The results indicate that metallocyanide complexes may pose a hazard to aquatic life through photochemically induced processes.
Factors that decrease UV exposure such as dissolved organic carbon or increased pigmentation would diminish toxicity. 相似文献
689.
690.
Summary. Recent advances in both the systematics and the natural products chemistry of the order Sacoglossa (=Ascoglossa) in the gastropod
subclass Opisthobranchia suggest a revised and improved historical account of the evolution of the group. Although the algal
genus Caulerpa makes a suitable model for the ancestral food of the order, other siphonaceous algae are consistent with both morphological
and chemical data. At an early evolutionary stage terpenoids are sequestered from the food, and used defensively, often with
modification. With an evolutionary switch to different kinds of algal food, there is often a shift to other, related defensive
chemicals. A switch to new food source sometimes leads to the abandonment of chemical defense, but in other cases there is
de-novo synthesis of defensive metabolites. The synthesis of polypropionates, which are used defensively, occurs in some other gastropods,
but otherwise is known only in fungi. The systematic distribution of the defensive polypropionates suggests that their defensive
use has evolved several times among gastropods. Failure to detect them may mean that synthetic capacity has evolved more than
once, or it may mean that they exist at low levels, perhaps having a non-defensive function.
Received 9 February 1998; accepted 20 March 1998. 相似文献