Partial characterization,UV-induction and photoprotective function of sunscreen pigment,scytonemin from Rivularia sp. HKAR-4

Scytonemin, located in the extracellular polysaccharide sheath of some cyanobacterial species is considered an efficient natural photoprotectant against lethal doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiations. In the present study, scytonemin from the cyanobacterium Rivularia sp. HKAR-4 was partially characterized and investigated for its induction by UV radiation as well as its role in photoprotection. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode-array detection studies revealed the presence of an UV-absorbing compound with absorption maximum at 386 nm. Based on its absorption spectrum and ion trap liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis, the compound was confirmed as scytonemin. In comparison to photosynthetically active radiation, a significant induction in the synthesis of scytonemin was found under UV-stress. Scytonemin also exhibited efficient photoprotective ability by detoxifying the in vivo reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by UV radiation and by reducing the formation of thymine dimers. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on the UV-screening effects of scytonemin on in vivo ROS generation and thymine dimer formation in any cyanobacterial strain. Based on these findings, we conclude that scytonemin may play a vital role in the survival and sustainability of cyanobacterial life in adverse environmental conditions such as under high solar irradiances.     

利用藻红外测试技术研究多种重金属溶液对滇池铜绿微囊藻的毒性作用

为考察多种重金属同时存在的混合溶液对藻类的生物毒性,选择Cr(Ⅲ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)5种重金属,以按照国家饮用水卫生标准限值浓度配制的单一重金属溶液和多种重金属混合溶液为受试样品,并利用本实验室开发的藻红外测试技术,评价了低浓度下单一重金属溶液和多种重金属共存溶液对藻的生物毒性。实验结果显示:按照饮用水标准限值配制的5种单一重金属溶液均未观察到对藻有生物毒性,但在多种重金属共存的27个不同组合的混合溶液中,有73.1%的样品表现出明显的生物毒性;藻响应出现率与混合溶液中重金属的总浓度呈正相关关系(r=0.8942)。当多种重金属以二元至五元混合时,藻响应出现率分别为50%、80%、100%、100%,表明随着重金属组分的增加,混合溶液的毒性作用越来越显著。当不同混合溶液的重金属总浓度大于0.11 mg·L-1时,平均累积藻响应占比显著上升到93%,表明重金属混合溶液中藻的毒性与总浓度之间存在剂量响应关系。采用平均藻响应出现率分析,结果显示混合溶液中不同重金属的相对影响顺序为:Cr(Ⅲ)87.5%>Pb(Ⅱ)和Hg(Ⅱ)58.3%>Cd(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅱ)54.3%,表明Cr(Ⅲ)表现出的藻毒性远高出其他重金属。现行的水质标准通常采用单一指标和限值,本研究结果表明采用单一指标不能有效规避多种污染物共存体系的环境风险。     

5G基站电磁辐射环境特征及监测实证研究

根据5G基站工作原理及发射特点,研究了5G基站的电磁辐射方向、强度与用户终端位置分布及应用场景存在的对应关系.经实测验证,终端位置移动将导致电磁辐射方向发生显著变化;多终端窄波辐射相互叠加与应用场景明显相关,基站小区辐射覆盖范围扩大.建议对现行移动通信基站电磁辐射环境监测技术方法进行研究修订.     

220千伏高压输电线路对电磁环境的影响分析及防治对策

通过对220kV输电线路电磁辐射的实际测量和理论计算,研究和讨论了220kV单回路和双回路输电线产生的电磁辐射对环境的影响,并提出降低电磁辐射水平的对策与建议。     

Mapping of cosmic radiation dose in Croatia

The Earth is continually bombarded by high-energy particles coming from the outer space and the sun. These particles, termed cosmic radiation, interact with nuclei of atmospheric constituents and decrease in intensity with depth in the atmosphere. Measurements of photon and gamma radiation, performed with a Radiameter at 1 m above the ground, indicated dose rates of 50-100 nSv/h.The neutron dose rate was measured with the CR-39 track etch detector calibrated by the CERN-EU high-energy Reference Field (CERF) facility. Correlation between neutron dose rates and altitudes at 36 sites was examined in order to obtain a significant positive correlation coefficient; the resulting linear regression enabled estimation of a neutron dose at particular altitude. The measured neutron dose rate in Osijek (altitude of 89 m, latitude of 45.31° N) was 110 nSv/h.     

Copper tolerance in the macrolichens Cladonia furcata and Cladina arbuscula subsp. mitis is constitutive rather than inducible

In this study we assessed the degree of copper (Cu) tolerance in two common lichen species (Cladonia furcata and Cladina arbuscula subsp. mitis) that grow on both uncontaminated substrata and the surface of waste heaps from abandoned old Cu-mines. Regardless of their locality, populations of these lichens contain identical strains of photobionts (Asterochloris clade A in C. arbuscula subsp. mitis and clade D in C. furcata). Therefore, it was expected that if there were differences in Cu toxicity or tolerance between populations, that the photobiont could not be a key element of Cu tolerance in these two lichen species. In laboratory experiments samples of both lichen species (from contaminated and control sites) were incubated in Cu solutions (500 μM) for 24 h. We attempted to determine whether Cu tolerance in these lichens was constitutive, or inducible form. Based on measurements of Cu accumulation, chlorophyll a integrity, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthesis, respiration, measurements of the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), the content of soluble proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the amount of extracellular secondary metabolites of both lichens we found that there were no significant differences in the response of all selected populations of both lichen species to short-term exposure to these high levels of Cu. As a result, we conclude that Cu tolerance in these two lichen species is the constitutive rather than the inducible.     

油库火灾爆炸事故多米诺效应定量评价

引入多米诺效应定义,介绍多米诺效应定量评价的方法。结合具体实例对油库进行火灾爆炸事故的风险分析,给出事故多米诺效应定量评价的具体程序。通过油库火灾爆炸事故多米诺效应评价,得出油库事故的升级因素和导致事故扩大的途径,并指出相应的多米诺效应控制措施。与传统的评价方法相比,多米诺效应评价方法可预测次生事故发生情况和发生概率及后果,从而可以有针对性地采取相应的预防措施,预防事故多米诺效应,降低次生灾害的发生率,提高油库的本质安全程度。     

Chemical defense and evolution in the Sacoglossa (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)

Summary. Recent advances in both the systematics and the natural products chemistry of the order Sacoglossa (=Ascoglossa) in the gastropod subclass Opisthobranchia suggest a revised and improved historical account of the evolution of the group. Although the algal genus Caulerpa makes a suitable model for the ancestral food of the order, other siphonaceous algae are consistent with both morphological and chemical data. At an early evolutionary stage terpenoids are sequestered from the food, and used defensively, often with modification. With an evolutionary switch to different kinds of algal food, there is often a shift to other, related defensive chemicals. A switch to new food source sometimes leads to the abandonment of chemical defense, but in other cases there is de-novo synthesis of defensive metabolites. The synthesis of polypropionates, which are used defensively, occurs in some other gastropods, but otherwise is known only in fungi. The systematic distribution of the defensive polypropionates suggests that their defensive use has evolved several times among gastropods. Failure to detect them may mean that synthetic capacity has evolved more than once, or it may mean that they exist at low levels, perhaps having a non-defensive function. Received 9 February 1998; accepted 20 March 1998.     

Toxicity of cobalt-complexed cyanide to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss,Daphnia magna</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ceriodaphnia dubia</Emphasis>

Background Cobalt cyanide complexes often result when ore is treated with cyanide solutions to extract gold and other metals. These have recently been discovered in low but significant concentrations in effluents from gold leach operations. This study was conducted to determine the potential toxicity of cobalt-cyanide complexes to freshwater organisms and the extent to which ultraviolet radiation (UV) potentiates this toxicity. Tests were also conducted to determine if humic acids or if adaptation to UV influenced sensitivity to the cyanide complexes. Methods Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed to potassium hexacyanocobaltate in the presence and absence of UV radiation, in the presence and absence of humic acids. Cyano-cobalt exposures were also conducted with C. dubia from cultures adapted to elevated UV. Results With an LC50 concentration of 0.38 mg/L, cyanocobalt was over a 1000 times more toxic to rainbow trout in the presence of UV at a low, environmentally relevant irradiance level (4 μW/cm² as UVB) than exposure to this compound in the absence of UV with an LC50 of 112.9 mg/L. Toxicity was immediately apparent, with mortality occurring within an hour of the onset of exposure at the highest concentration. Fish were unaffected by exposure to UV alone. Weak-acid dissociable cyanide concentrations were observed in irradiated aqueous solutions of cyanocobaltate within hours of UV exposure and persisted in the presence of UV for at least 96 hours, whereas negligible concentrations were observed in the absence of UV. The presence of humic acids significantly diminished cyanocobalt toxicity to D. magna and reduced mortality from UV exposure. Humic acids did not significantly influence survival among C. dubia. C. dubia from UV-adapted populations were less sensitive to metallocyanide compounds than organisms from unadapted populations. Conclusions The results indicate that metallocyanide complexes may pose a hazard to aquatic life through photochemically induced processes. Factors that decrease UV exposure such as dissolved organic carbon or increased pigmentation would diminish toxicity.     

20个小麦品种对UV-B辐射增强响应的形态学差异

研究了大田栽培和自然光条件下 ,模拟UV -B辐射增强对 2 0个小麦品种影响的形态学差异。结果表明 ,叶面积指数、株高、节间长、茎基粗对UV -B辐射增强响应具有品种间差异。株高和节间长对UV -B辐射响应具有一致性 ,呈极显著正相关。根据形态响应指数 (MRI) ,耐性品种 (MRI>- 8 5 )为 :辽春 9>文麦 3>大理 90 5 >兰州 80 10 1>绵阳 2 6 >YV 97- 31>毕 90 - 5。敏感品种 (MRI <- 49 4)为 :会宁 18>繁 19>楚雄 880 7>My 94- 9>黔 14>云麦 39>陇春 16。耐性品种具有较小的叶展开角度 ,敏感品种具有较大的叶展开角度。UV -B辐射还不同程度抑制小麦条锈病的发生