A simple method for partitioning total solar radiation into diffuse/direct components in the United States

Solar radiation is a major sustainable and clean energy resource, and use of solar radiation is expected to increase. The utilization efficiency of solar energy varies with the relative proportions of the direct and diffuse components that compose total solar radiation and with the slope and aspect of the irradiated surface. The purpose of this paper is to develop a simple method for estimating diffuse and direct solar radiation at sites with observation of only total solar radiation. An existing model for estimating diffuse radiation, i.e., a linear relationship between the diffuse fraction (the ratio of diffuse radiation to total solar radiation) and the clearness index (the ratio of total solar radiation to extraterrestrial radiation), is applied to 7 sites across the continental United States with observations of diffuse and total radiation. The linear model shows good monthly performance. The model parameters (slope and interception) show a strong seasonal pattern that exhibits small variation across the 7 sites; therefore, the average values of the two monthly parameters may be used for estimating diffuse radiation for other locations with observations of total radiation.     

热释光测量法在云南省辐射环境质量监测中的应用

介绍了热释光测量法,分析了2010、2011年云南省应用热释光测量法测量辐射环境空气质量的数据结果,认为该方法是一种很好的方法。     

消防水幕衰减火灾辐射热的理论研究

从消防水幕系统中水滴粒子与火焰辐射热的散射和吸收作用出发,建立水滴与火焰辐射的数学模型;通过计算机求解获得了不同条件下水幕的隔热效率;并定量计算了水滴的粒径、荷载强度和水幕厚度对水幕透射率的影响;同时,计算并分析了目标体瞬态温度和平衡温度的变化规律。为了验证理论模型的可靠性,进行了全尺寸的火灾实体实验,理论预测和实验的结果比较接近。笔者的研究结果对于优化消防水幕设计和改进系统的性能在理论和实践上都具有一定的指导意义。     

影响光纤特性的若干环境因素

本文综述了若干影响光纤特性的环境因素,如潮气,各种类型的机械力,腐蚀,氢气,雷电,核电磁脉冲及电离辐射,这些因素会使光纤极化面偏转,衰减增加,误码率加大。文中还扼要介绍了为减少这些环境危害影响所采取的若干措施。     

北京环境辐射水平现状与分布

在北京市按网格布点调研了环境辐射水平。北京原野γ辐射及宇宙射线室外剂量率按网点加权均值分别为５６．２及３２．３ｎＧｙ·ｈ＾－１,全市土壤中＾２３８Ｕ,＾２３２Ｔｈ,＾２２６Ｒａ,＾４０Ｋ及＾１３７Ｃｓ含量按面积加权均值分别为１９．４,３４．１,２１．４,６２２及８．３Ｂｑ·ｋｇ＾－１,各类水体水中Ｕ,Ｔｈ及＾２６Ｒａ,＾４０Ｋ浓度范围分别是０．１２－８．９４,０．０２－０．６６μｇ·Ｌ＾－１及６．     

长江流域蒸发皿蒸发量及影响因素变化趋势

采用MannK-endall非参数检验方法和反距离权重插值法IDW对长江流域近40年来20cm蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响因素进行了时空变化趋势分析,研究结果表明:近40年来,长江流域年平均蒸发皿蒸发量在全流域和不同区域内均呈现显著的下降趋势,且中下游地区(99%的置信度)比上游地区(95%的置信度)下降趋势显著,夏季(99%的置信度)比其它季节下降趋势显著。影响蒸发皿蒸发量的主要气象因子太阳净辐射和风速呈现显著下降趋势,气温表现为显著升高趋势,但中下游地区夏季温度微弱下降,降水微弱增加,但中下游地区夏季降水显著增加。因此,长江流域年平均太阳净辐射和风速的显著下降是年平均蒸发皿蒸发量显著下降的主要原因,而中下游地区夏季气温的微弱下降和降水的显著增加使得中下游地区夏季蒸发皿蒸发量下降趋势尤其显著。     

Synchrotron micro-scale measurement of metal distributions in Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia root tissue from an urban brownfield site

Liberty State Park in New Jersey,USA,is a "brownfield" site containing various levels of contaminants.To investigate metal uptake and distributions in plants on the brownfield site,Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia were collected in Liberty State Park during the growing season(May–September)in 2011 at two sites with the high and low metal loads,respectively.The objective of this study was to understand the metal(Fe,Mn,Cu,Pb and Zn)concentration and spatial distributions in P.australis and T.latifolia root systems with micro-meter scale resolution using synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence(μXRF)and synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography(μCMT)techniques.The root structure measurement by synchrotron μCMT showed that high X-ray attenuation substance appeared in the epidermis.Synchrotron μXRF measurement showed that metal concentrations and distributions in the root cross-section between epidermis and vascular tissue were statistically different.Significant correlations were found between metals(Cu,Mn,Pb and Zn)and Fe in the epidermis,implying that metals were scavenged by Fe oxides.The results from this study suggest that the expression of metal transport and accumulation within the root systems may be element specific.The information derived from this study can improve our current knowledge of the wetland plant ecological function in brownfield remediation.     

某炼化企业应用核料位计职业病危害放射防护控制效果评价

目的对某千万吨炼化企业应用的核料住计建设项目进行控制效果评价,贯彻落实国家有关职业病防护的法律、法规、规章和标准,从源头控制或消除职业病危害,保护劳动者健康。方法通过资料调研,现场调查与检测,将获取的资料与法律、法规的规定和标准的要求相比较并对符合程度进行评估。结果该企业应用核料住计的辐射防护措施、辐射监测结果、应急准备与响应、辐射防护管理等均符合相关法律、法规的规定和标准的要求。结论该企业应用核料位计建设项目的放射性危害防护设施（措施）基本可以满足竣工验收要求。     

某地戈壁与普通环境辐射剂量率对比及差异分析研究

利用NaI(Tl)便携式x-γ剂量率仪对西北某地戈壁砾石地带及普通环境地表的辐射剂量率进行对比测量,对可能的影响因素进行分析,并使用统计检验的方法分析测量结果,发现戈壁砾石地带结果高于普通环境,均值高约14.5%.基于实验室HPGeγ谱测量土壤样品及理论分析,得到导致此结果的原因主要是土壤中天然放射性核素含量及地表氡析出率的差异.结论提示需重视人员稀少地带的辐射环境水平,为中国在某些戈壁地区从事核技术利用开发项目的环境影响评价提供经验.