UV-B增强对稻田呼吸速率、CH4和N2O排放的影响

于水稻生长季进行室外盆栽试验,人工模拟UV-B辐射增强20%,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定稻田生态系统的呼吸速率、CH4和N2O排放通量,研究UV-B辐射增强对稻田生态系统呼吸速率、CH4和N2O排放通量的影响.结果表明,UV-B辐射增强没有改变稻田呼吸速率、CH4和N2O排放通量的季节变化规律;与对照相比,平均呼吸速率...     

不同行业减排对我国东部地区空气质量及大气温度的影响

未来我国减排政策更加关注对大气污染和大气增温的协同控制效果,但不同行业减排对空气质量改善和大气温度的影响不同.利用双向耦合的空气质量模型WRF-Chem,通过多组敏感性试验量化各部门人为源（工业源、居民源、交通源、火电厂和农业源）减排对2016年9月我国东部地区空气质量和大气温度的影响.结果表明,工业源、居民源、交通源、火电厂和农业源减排均能有效改善空气质量,PM_2.5浓度分别下降33.9%、9.6%、15.8%、10.8%和26.7%,但减弱的气溶胶-辐射相互作用使地表层获得更多能量,进而增加近地面气温0.04、0.03、0.01、0.03和0.09℃.在大气层顶,工业源、居民源、交通源和火电厂减排分别导致净辐射通量下降0.3、0.8、0.7和0.1 W·m^-2;而农业源减排则引起大气层顶净辐射通量增加0.8 W·m^-2.一方面,减排农业源导致散射性气溶胶下降进而引起净辐射增加;另一方面,减排农业源不会导致吸收性气溶胶（黑碳）下降,不能抵消散射性气溶胶下降引起的辐射增加.因此,减排农业源会导致大气层顶净辐射通量增加,同时近地面温度增加也最为显著.未来需要特别关注的是,尽管控制农业源排放会带来显著的空气质量改善,但同时会带来不利的显著增温后果.     

Effects of acute γ-irradiation on the aquatic microbial microcosm in comparison with chemicals

Effects of acute γ-irradiation were investigated in the aquatic microcosm consisting of green algae (Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp.) and a blue–green alga (Tolypothrix sp.) as producers; an oligochaete (Aeolosoma hemprichi), rotifers (Lecane sp. and Philodina sp.) and a ciliate protozoan (Cyclidium glaucoma) as consumers; and more than four species of bacteria as decomposers. At 100 Gy, populations were not affected in any taxa. At 500–5000 Gy, one or three taxa died out and populations of two or three taxa decreased over time, while that of Tolypothrix sp. increased. This Tolypothrix sp. increase was likely an indirect effect due to interspecies interactions. The principal response curve analysis revealed that the main trend of the effects was a dose-dependent population decrease. For a better understanding of radiation risks in aquatic microbial communities, effect doses of γ-rays compared with copper, herbicides and detergents were evaluated using the radiochemoecological conceptual model and the effect index for microcosm.     

气象因素对香港地区臭氧污染的影响

基于2000~2015年香港地区的臭氧监测数据和气象数据,分析了香港的臭氧污染特征及气象因素对臭氧污染的影响.结果表明:(1)香港地区臭氧浓度呈现明显的季节变化特征,其中秋季春季冬季夏季,臭氧超标日集中在夏季和秋季,超标日发生在冬季和春季的情形极少.(2)2000~2015年香港臭氧日最大8h平均浓度(MDA8)年均浓度呈增长趋势,平均增长速率为0.77μg·(m3·a)-1,臭氧MDA8第90百分位数浓度同样呈增长趋势,增长速率为1.49μg·(m3·a)-1.(3)较高的气温是香港地区臭氧污染发生的必要条件,气温越高越容易导致更高浓度的臭氧污染.(4)绝大多数情况下,臭氧浓度与相对湿度间呈负相关关系,相对湿度越高,香港地区的臭氧MDA8平均浓度及第90百分位数浓度均会降低.(5)当香港发生臭氧污染时,盛行风往往从偏北风或偏东风转为偏西风.随着风速的增大,臭氧平均浓度变化不大,但是臭氧第90百分位数浓度会明显降低.(6)降水和云量是影响臭氧浓度的重要因素,连续多日的无雨或少雨天气是臭氧污染事件发生的必要条件,而随着云量的增加,臭氧平均浓度和第90百分位数浓度会持续降低.(7)在太阳总辐射量≤20 MJ·m-2或日照时长≤10 h的情况下,臭氧浓度与太阳辐射及日照时长呈正相关关系.然而,在太阳辐射强烈的情况下(太阳总辐射量 20 MJ·m-2或日照时长 10 h),随着太阳辐射增强或日照时长的增加地面臭氧浓度反而降低,这是因为太阳辐射强烈的情况常出现在雨后天晴的背景下,并盛行来自海洋的偏南风,使得臭氧污染不易形成.(8)香港臭氧超标日的出现往往伴随着一系列气象条件的共同改变,包括晴天少雨、辐射增强、边界层高度增加、相对湿度降低、风速变小以及气温升高等气象特征,污染结束则伴随着相反的气象变化.     

深圳市天然γ辐射空气吸收剂量率调查

从2007年至2011年在深圳市进行了天然γ辐射空气吸收计量的调查.调查结果显示：全市天然辐射外照射空气吸收剂量率的变化范围为（4.87 ～17.68）×10^ 8Gy/h,平均值为10.00 ×10^ 8Gy/h,与广东省平均水平相当,稍高于全国平均值,属于正常天然本底范围;天然辐射外照射致深圳市居民人均年有效剂量当量（0.22 ～ 1.08） mSv,低于广东省与全国的平均水平;集体有效剂量当量54.32×10^2man· Sv.     

Getting ready for the manned mission to Mars: the astronauts’ risk from space radiation

Space programmes are shifting towards planetary exploration and, in particular, towards missions by human beings to the Moon and to Mars. Radiation is considered to be one of the major hazards for personnel in space and has emerged as the most critical issue to be resolved for long-term missions both orbital and interplanetary. The two cosmic sources of radiation that could impact a mission outside the Earth’s magnetic field are solar particle events (SPE) and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Exposure to the types of ionizing radiation encountered during space travel may cause a number of health-related problems, but the primary concern is related to the increased risk of cancer induction in astronauts. Predictions of cancer risk and acceptable radiation exposure in space are extrapolated from minimal data and are subject to many uncertainties. The paper describes present-day estimates of equivalent doses from GCR and solar cosmic radiation behind various shields and radiation risks for astronauts on a mission to Mars.     

CHEMIFOG_V – A Model to Simulate Radiation Fogs and their Interaction with Vegetation and Chemistry

Radiation fog is an important modifier of atmosphericcompounds in the planetary boundary layer. In vegetated areas effects are especially pronounced due to the enlarged surface area. Besides affectingthe lower boundary of atmospheric models fog acts as amulti-phase reaction chamber leading to acid deposition. Here we present the 1-dimensional radiation fog modelCHEMIFOG_V to simulate regional radiation fogevents. The key feature of the fog model is thedetailed microphysics, where the aerosol/dropletspectrum is describedwith a joint 2-dimensional distribution, but also thedynamics, thermodynamics, and radiative transfer are calculated. Toinvestigate the interaction between fog and the biosphere amulti-layer vegetation module, including a soil module as well as a drydeposition module were coupled. Vegetation influences thedynamics, thermodynamics, and the radiation field of the lowestatmospheric layers. With CHEMIFOG_V, numerical case studieson dry and moist deposition processes on vegetation surfaces wereperformed. Hereby multi-phase chemistry and the processing of aerosolswere considered. The results show that the chemical composition of thedeposited fog droplets is mainly determined by the aerosol composition. Dry deposition fluxes are dependent on the incoming radiation and the leaves' surface conditions with respect to water coverage.Due to chemical aerosol processing and deposition, the aerosol spectrumis significantly modified in the planetary boundary layer.     

装药结构热安全性试验方法及其特点分析

目的 在装药结构的热安全性试验时选择合理的加热方法.方法 从燃料、加热速率、温度范围、温度可控性、温区可控性、对试件影响等方面对开放油池火烧、可控喷射火烧、红外辐射灯阵、电加热带、电加热箱等常用的加热方式进行对比分析.结果 对于快烤加载,红外辐射灯阵兼具开放油池火烧和可控喷射火烧的优势,能够实现温度为800～1200℃...     

泉州市移动通信基站电磁辐射环境影响分析

对泉州市移动通信GSM基站和TD—SCDMA基站电磁辐射状况进行监测与分析。通过理论计算预测基站电磁辐射安全距离,对典型敏感目标、典型基站进行电磁辐射的监测,结果与理论预测情况相符。选取302个GSM基站和306个TD—SCDMA基站进行电磁辐射的监测,结果表明,各基站电磁辐射满足单个项目管理低于目标限值0．08W／m2的标准。分析表明,基站在正常运行时,对周围的电磁辐射环境影响能满足国家相应标准的要求。     

UV-B辐射增强对麻花艽叶片光合作用及相关生理参数的影响

采用20 W和40 W的UV-B灯辐射增强处理,测定分析了UV-B辐射增强对麻花艽(Gentiana straminea Maxim)叶片净光合速率及相关生理参数的影响. 结果显示:2008年8月3日,研究区大气温度从09:00开始上升,到14:00达到最高点,叶温和大气饱和水气压变化与气温变化趋势相似;光合有效辐射强度从07:00开始上升,至13:00达到最高,之后下降;麻花艽叶片净光合作用速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(E)和水分利用效率在对照下最高,在40 W UV-B辐射下最低;P_n在08:00—10:00最高,G_s在07:00—08:00最高,C_i在日出及日落时最高,E在09:00—13:00及14:00—18:00最高,水分利用效率在日出后最高;P_n与G_s,叶片温度,大气温度,光合有效辐射和大气饱和水气压亏缺呈正相关,与C_i呈负相关,与光合有效辐射强度的相关系数较高. P_n在光合有效辐射强度为0～800 μmol/(m2·s)时随光合有效辐射强度增加而增加,在2 200～3 000 μmol/(m2·s)时变化不大;G_s和E随光合有效辐射强度的增加而增加;C_i在光合有效辐射强度为0～800 μmol/(m2·s)时,随光合有效辐射强度的增加而呈下降趋势;水分利用效率在光合有效辐射强度为0～800 μmol/(m2·s)时随光合有效辐射强度的增加而呈增加的趋势,在800～3 000 μmol/(m2·s)时呈下降趋势. 说明UV-B辐射增强将使高寒草甸植物叶片P_n,G_s,C_i,E和水分利用效率降低.