废旧铝、铁片粉煤灰复合混凝剂的制备及在废水处理中的应用

我国粉煤灰和铝、铁片固体废物产量日益增多,危害越来越严重。在高温加热、搅拌条件下,用强酸浸渍粉煤灰和易拉罐碎片,使粉煤灰和废旧铝、铁片资源化,制得废旧铝、铁片粉煤灰复合混凝剂,并用所制得的废旧铝、铁片粉煤灰复合混凝剂处理屠宰废水。在一定条件下,经混凝试验处理后的屠宰废水pH值在7左右,COD去除率为92．0％,SS去除率为98．7％,浊度去除率为98．4％,色度去除率为96．6％。结果表明,粉煤灰和废旧铝、铁片资源化和在废水处理中的应用具有可行性。     

Certification of Highly Complex Safety-Related Systems

The BIA has now 15 years of experience with the certification of complex electronic systems for safety-related applications in the machinery sector. Using the example of machining centres, this presentation will show the systematic procedure for verifying and validating control systems using Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and microcomputers for safety functions.

One section will describe the control structure of machining centres with control systems using “ integrated safety.” A diverse redundant architecture combined with crossmonitoring and forced dynamisation is explained. In the main section the steps of the systematic certification procedure are explained showing some results of the certification of drilling machines. Specification reviews, design reviews with test case specification, statistical analysis, and walk-throughs are the analytical measures in the testing process. Systematic tests based on the test case specification, Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) and environmental testing, and site acceptance tests on the machines are the testing measures for validation.

A complex software driven system is always undergoing modification. Most of the changes are not safety-relevant but this has to be proven. A systematic procedure for certifying software modifications is presented in the last section of the paper.     

Ecological and economical assessment of end‐of‐life waste recycling in the electrical and electronic recovery sector

Technological innovation and shorter product life cycles of electrical and electronic equipment coupled with their rapidly growing applications have resulted in the generation of an enormous amount of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). To address the potential environmental problems that could stem from improper end‐of‐life management of WEEE, many countries have drafted national legislation to improve the reuse, remanufacture and material recycling from WEEE, and to reduce the amount of such waste going to landfills. With the introduction of such legislation comes an increased need for the recovery operators to evaluate the recycling costs and environmental benefits of reclaimed products and materials in order to select the most appropriate end‐of‐life options for individual products in WEEE. This paper presents a systematic methodology for ecological and economical assessment to provide a holistic understanding of the impacts associated with different end‐of‐life options for such waste. This assessment, in addition to providing decision‐support for the selection of the best possible end‐of‐life option for a particular product in WEEE, could also generate vital information to support the design and material selection processes during the initial product development activities. The assertion made is that the detailed considerations of the ecological and economical impacts associated with different end‐of‐life options will significantly improve the recovery and recycling of WEEE.     

浅谈电子支付系统及其安全性要求

阐述了电子支付系统的概念、特点,并论述了电子支付系统的安全性要求.     

互联网环境管理——一种新的环境管理方法

本文调查了我国官方环保网站的现状和存在的问题，提出了互联网环境管理的定义、功能、运作机制和官方环保网站的基本要求。     

无锡职教园区餐厨垃圾理化性质调查分析研究

为提高餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效率,应用理化方法分别测试了无锡职教园区大中餐、小中餐、西餐、汤锅和食堂餐厨垃圾的容重、含水率、pH值、有机干物质、含油率、盐分、氮磷含量等指标,此外,应用餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵模拟试验分析其产沼气效率.通过理化性质试验获得不同类型餐厨垃圾理化指标的异同点.通过产沼气试验可知,容积负荷由1 kgVS/m3·d逐渐提升到4 kgVS/m3·d时,日产气量从2.91 L提高到9.01 L,沼气中甲烷含量在65％以上.     

Novel microbial fuel cell design to operate with different wastewaters simultaneously

A novel single cathode chamber and multiple anode chamber microbial fuel cell design(MAC-MFC)was developed by incorporating multiple anode chambers into a single unit and its performance was checked.During 60 days of operation,performance of MAC-MFC was assessed and compared with standard single anode/cathode chamber microbial fuel cell(SC-MFC).The tests showed that MAC-MFC generated stable and higher power outputs compared with SC-MFC and each anode chamber contributed efficiently.Further,MAC-MFCs were incorporated with different wastewaters in different anode chambers and their behavior in MFC performance was observed.MAC-MFC efficiently treated multiple wastewaters simultaneously at low cost and small space,which claims its candidature for future possible scale-up applications.     

Comparison study of phosphorus adsorption on different waste solids: Fly ash, red mud and ferric–alum water treatment residues

The adsorption of phosphorus(P) onto three industrial solid wastes(fly ash, red mud and ferric–alum water treatment residual(FAR)) and their modified materials was studied systematically via batch experiments. Compared with two natural adsorbents(zeolite and diatomite), three solid wastes possessed a higher adsorption capacity for P because of the higher Fe, Al and Ca contents. After modification(i.e., the fly ash and red mud modified by FeCl_3 and FARs modified by HCl), the adsorption capacity increased, especially for the modified red mud, where more Fe bonded P was observed. The P adsorption kinetics can be satisfactorily fitted using the pseudo-second-order model. The Langmuir model can describe well the P adsorption on all of the samples in our study. p H and dissolved organic matter(DOM) are two important factors for P adsorption. Under neutral conditions, the maximum adsorption amount on the modified materials was observed. With the deviation from pH 7, the adsorption amount decreased, which resulted from the change of P species in water and surface charges of the adsorbents. The DOM in water can promote P adsorption, which may be due to the promotion effects of humic-Fe(Al) complexes and the pH buffer function exceeds the depression of competitive adsorption.     

中国废弃电器电子产品回收体系发展现状及建议研究

随着中国电子产业的飞速发展和人们消费水平的提高,电器电子产品的拥有量和报废量都持续攀升,废弃电器电子产品(以下简称“废电器”)已成为中国增长速度最快的固体废弃物之一。如何规范有效的回收废电器,建立正规回收渠道,完善回收管理体系是中国废电器管理面临的难题之一。通过对中国废电器的定义、特点以及回收链特征进行概述,结合中国废电器回收体系的发展现状,综合分析回收体系建立的必要性,对中国废电器回收体系管理提出对策和建议。     

Cervical musculoskeletal disorders and their relationships with personal and work-related factors among electronic assembly workers

IntroductionElectronics assembly workers are reported to have a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study investigated the prevalence of cervical MSDs and the complex relationships between cervical MSDs and individual, physical, psychosocial factors among electronics assembly workers. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, self-administered questionnaires from 700 workers in electronics manufacturing workshops were analysed. Information concerning musculoskeletal symptoms, personal and work-related factors was collected. Finally, the prevalence of cervical MSDs was computed for different subgroups, and the relationships with different factors were analyzed using logistic regression and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The total 12 month prevalence of cervical MSDs among the survey population was 29.4%. Variables of gender, job tenure, twisting head frequently, neck flexion/extension for long time and work required to be done quickly showed significant associations with MSDs in a multivariate logistic regression (P < 0.05). The SEM analysis showed moderate and significant correlations between postural load (γ = 0.279), gender (γ = 0.233) and cervical MSDs, while there were weak but significant correlations between vibration (γ = 0.024), work stress (γ = 0.126), job tenure (γ = 0.024) and cervical MSDs. Both work stress and vibration affected the MSDs indirectly through postural load. Conclusions: The logistic regression results support previous general epidemiological MSD studies, and indicates that individual, physical, and psychosocial factors are related to cervical MSDs. The SEM provides a better approximation of the complexity of the relationship between risk factors and cervical MSDs. Improving awkward postures may be effective ways to control the influence of occupational stressors or vibration on MSDs. Practical Applications: The study is to improve prevention of MSDs among electronics assembly workers and promote their occupational health.