客户关系生命周期管理及其策略

客户关系生命周期理论的提出对服务经济时代的企业产生了巨大的影响,该理论在强调了客户关系存在周期性的同时,也提出了对客户关系应当进行阶段性管理;阐述了客户关系生命周期理论,并在此基础上提出了客户关系动态发展模型,旨在帮助管理人员更清楚地认识到客户关系的长期价值和对客户关系的各个阶段进行良好的管理.     

池州悬钩子的食用价值与茶多酚含量研究

研究了池州市悬钩子属植物的食用价值与其中茶多酚(TP)的含量,目的是为了综合利用悬钩子属植物,促进其全面开发,提高经济效益.用正交实验法确定了提取TP的最佳实验条件,用分光光度法测定其含量.从分析结果看,悬钩子属植物中含有一定量的TP.因此,在开发悬钩子属植物果实作为第三代水果资源时,从其茎叶中提取TP具有一定的经济价值,这对促进悬钩子资源的开发与利用是很有意义的.     

大气环境影响评价工作分级要求要点

根据大气环境影响评价工作的分级要求,提出了针对性的工作要点,以满足大气环境评价工作的需要.     

Discounting in the presence of scarce ecosystem services

The discount rate for cost-benefit analysis has to take account of future scarcity of ecosystem services in consumption and production. Previous literature focuses on the first aspect and shows the importance of the relative price effect, for given growth rates of consumption and ecosystem services. This paper focuses on intermediate ecosystem services in production and shows that for limited substitutability and a low growth rate of these ecosystem services, the growth rate of consumption, and thus the discount rate, declines towards a low value. Using a Ramsey growth model, the paper distinguishes three cases. If ecosystem services can be easily substituted, the discount rate converges to the usual value in the long term. Secondly, if ecosystem services can be easily substituted in production but not in consumption, the relative price effect is important. Finally, and most interestingly, if ecosystem services cannot be easily substituted in production, the discount rate declines towards a low value and the relative price effect is less important. Another part of the previous literature has shown that a declining discount rate is the result of introducing several forms of uncertainty, but this paper reaches that conclusion from an endogenous effect on the growth rate of the economy.     

Implications of human value shift and persistence for biodiversity conservation

Large‐scale change in human values and associated behavior change is believed by some to be the ultimate solution to achieve global biodiversity conservation. Yet little is known about the dynamics of values. We contribute to this area of inquiry by examining the trajectory of values affecting views of wildlife in North America. Using data from a 19‐state study in the United States and global data from the Schwartz Value Survey, we explored questions of value persistence and change and the nature of attitudinal responses regarding wildlife conservation issues. We found support, based on subjects’ ancestry, for the supposition that domination is a prevalent American value orientation toward wildlife that has origins in European Judeo‐Christian traditions. Independent of that effect, we also found indications of change. Modernization is contributing to a shift from domination to mutualism value orientations, which is fostering attitudes less centered on human interests and seemingly more consistent with a biocentric philosophy. Our findings suggest that if value shift could be achieved in a purposeful way, then significant and widespread behavior change believed necessary for long‐term conservation success may indeed be possible. In particular, greater emphasis on mutualism values may help provide the context for more collaborative approaches to support future conservation efforts. However, given the societal forces at play, it is not at all clear that human‐engineered value shift is tenable. Instead of developing strategies aimed at altering values, it may be more productive to create strategies that recognize and work within the boundaries of existing values. Whereas values appear to be in a period of flux, it will be difficult to predict future trends without a better understanding of value formation and shift, particularly under conditions of rapid social‐ecological change.     

Fuzzy experts on recreational vessels, a risk modelling approach for marine invasions

Understanding risks from the human-mediated spread of non-indigenous species (NIS) is a critical component of marine biosecurity management programmes. Recreational boating is well-recognised as a NIS pathway, especially at a regional scale. Assessment of risks from this pathway is therefore desirable for coastal environments where recreational boating occurs. However, formal or quantitative risk assessment for the recreational vessel pathway is often hampered by lack of data, hence often relies on expert opinion. The use of expert opinion itself is sometimes limited by its inherent vagueness, which can be an important source of uncertainty that reduces the validity and applicability of the assessment. Fuzzy logic, specifically interval type-2 fuzzy logic, is able to model and propagate this type of uncertainty, and is a useful technique in risk assessment where expert opinion is relied upon. The present paper describes the implementation of a NIS fuzzy expert system (FES) for assessing the risk of invasion in marine environments via recreational vessels. The FES was based on expert opinion gathered through systematic elicitation exercises, designed to acknowledge important uncertainty sources (e.g., underspecificity and ambiguity). The FES, using interval type-2 fuzzy logic, calculated an invasion risk value (integrating NIS infection and detection probabilities) for a range of invasion scenarios. These scenarios were defined by all possible combinations of two vessel types (moored and trailered), five vessel components (hull, deck, internal spaces, anchor, fishing gear), two infection modes (fouling, water/sediment retention) and six frequently visited marine habitats (marina, mooring, farm, ramp, wharf, anchorage). Although invasion risk values determined using the FES approach was scenario-specific, general patterns were identified. Moored vessels consistently showed higher invasion risk values than trailered vessels. Invasion risk values were higher for anchorages, moorings and wharves. Similarly, hull-fouling was revealed as the highest infection risk mode after pooling results across all habitats. The NIS fuzzy expert system presented here appears as a valuable prioritising and decision-making tool for NIS research, prevention and control activities. Its easy implementation and wide applicability should encourage the development and application of this type of system as an integral part of biosecurity, and other environmental management plans.     

南京北郊不同大气污染程度下气溶胶化学组分特征

为了解不同大气污染程度下大气细颗粒物中水溶性化合物和含碳物质的污染特征,使用瑞士万通850 professional IC型色谱仪和Model 2001热光碳分析仪分别对2015年南京北郊冬季清洁、轻/中度污染和重度污染程度下的水溶性离子、OC(有机碳)和EC(元素碳)进行了分析.结果表明,重度污染中PM_(2.5)日平均浓度为清洁天的4.0倍,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+这3种主要二次离子平均浓度则分别为清洁天的6.4、3.1和3.9倍,且它们均以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在于清洁天和污染天中.两种呈酸性的污染天均主要受流动源影响.OC与EC的最高浓度均出现在重度污染天,分别达到49.8μg·m~(-3)和10.3μg·m~(-3).清洁天中SOC平均浓度最低(4.28μg·m~(-3)),但SOC占OC质量分数却高于另外两种污染天(41.14%).通过碳组分丰度值发现燃煤燃烧和汽油车尾气排放是观测期间内碳质颗粒物的共同主要贡献源.     

广西玉林市大气PM10和PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳污染特征分析

2015年7月~2016年3月期间在广西玉林市3个空气监测点位共采集环境大气颗粒物PM_(10)样品218份,PM_(2.5)样品202份,利用多波段热/光碳分析仪分析其颗粒物中有机碳和(OC)和元素碳(EC)浓度水平、时空变化、污染特征及可能来源.结果表明,玉林市PM_(10)中OC和EC质量浓度分别为10.99μg·m~(-3)和5.11μg·m~(-3);PM_(2.5)中OC和EC质量浓度分别为7.51μg·m~(-3)和4.70μg·m~(-3).3个监测点位大气中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)冬季的OC和EC浓度水平均高于其他季节,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的相关性较好,R2分别为0.58和0.60(P均小于0.01).应用最小OC/EC比值法对二次有机碳(SOC)含量进行了估算,冬季大气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中SOC平均质量浓度分别为14.50μg·m~(-3)和6.74μg·m~(-3),高于其他季节.PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中SOC/OC比值均0.5,玉林市大气中粗细颗粒物均以SOC为主.夏季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中SOC/OC分别为80.6%和77.7%,为四季最高值,与夏季温度较高、光照强烈、有利于光化学反应将OC转化为SOC有关.     

上海市含碳大气颗粒物的粒径分布

使用STAPLEX大流量六级采样器(<0.49μm、0.49～0.95μm、0.95～1.5μm、1.5～3.0μm、3.0～7.2μm和>7.2μm),结合DRI Model 2001热光碳分析仪(TOR),分析了2010年5月～2011年5月期间上海市嘉定区(市郊)、徐汇区(市区)的大气颗粒物样品中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的粒径分布.结果表明,不同粒径的OC和EC质量浓度均呈双峰分布,较高峰出现于<0.49μm粒径段,次高峰则出现于>3.0μm的两个粒径段.嘉定区(JD)和徐汇区(XH)PM3.0中OC的质量浓度分别为16.35μg.m-3和11.85μg.m-3,EC质量浓度分别为2.22μg.m-3和1.91μg.m-3,市郊大气颗粒物中碳组分质量浓度高于市区,说明市郊碳污染更为严重.在<1.5μm的粒径段,嘉定区OC与EC的同源性较好,表明其中大部分OC来自于燃烧源.两地区不同粒径OC/EC值与不同排放源特征值的对比,可以说明徐汇区更多受到机动车尾气排放和道路扬尘的影响.通过EC示踪法计算二次有机碳(SOC)质量浓度可知:上海市SOC质量浓度较高,PM3.0中达到6.76μg.m-3,占OC的质量分数为69%,粒径分布呈双峰分布,峰值位于0.49～0.95μm和3.0～7.2μm粒径段.     

水体pH值时空变化条件下絮凝除藻剂的pH值优化

研究了由光照、水深等造成的水体pH值变化对絮凝剂除藻效果的影响,并监测絮凝前后不同深度的水体pH值。结果表明:1)当水体pH值无垂向分层,但随光照在8.5~10.5变化时,表层水体终点pH值为5.8~7.9,除藻效率均高于80%,此时中下层水体pH值为5.4~8.0;2)当水体pH值有垂向分层,表层水体终点pH值为7.0~7.3时,除藻效率均高于80%,此时中下层水体pH值为7.0~7.1;3)水池实验中,当表层水体终点pH为6.8时,除藻率高达99.33%,此时中下层水体pH值为7.0~7.1,池水清澈见底。上述结果说明:不论水体pH值是否垂向分层,控制表层水体终点pH值为6.8~7.3时既能有效除藻,也不会使底层水体pH值过低;水体pH值有垂向分层时,絮凝剂的pH值应高于无垂向分层时的情况。