Evolution of soil fertility and nitrogen/phosphorus leaching risk in protected agriculture of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau北大核心CSCD

Understanding changes in soil fertility and soil environmental risks in protected agriculture with high irrigation and fertilizer inputs are of great significance for ecological protection. In this study, soil samples in the plow layer were collected from greenhouses >100 acres in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau after different durations of planting time (either ≤ 3, 3-5, 5-10, or 10-20 years) to assess the changing pattern of soil fertility indicators and the potential leaching risk of nitrogen and phosphorus. The results showed that soil organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in protected agriculture were 17.1 and 1.3 g/kg, respectively, which suggests moderate content levels. Meanwhile, soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (Olsen-P), and available potassium (AK) contents were 160.9, 72.0, and 191.2 mg/kg, respectively, which suggests abundant content levels. As the number of planting years increased, the contents of soil OM, TN, AN, and Olsen-P increased significantly, especially after 10 years, with 41.6%, 44.2%, 26.5%, and 67.4% increases, respectively, compared to ≤ 3 years. As seen, Olsen-P had the most marked increase. In contrast, soil AK and pH decreased with planting years, and soil AK after 5 years decreased by 32% compared to ≤ 3 years. Moreover, the soil pH value in 3-5 years decreased by 2.3% compared to that of ≤ 3 years. The leaching risk of soil nitrogen and phosphorus was intensified after 10-20 years, and the probability of leaching was 0.74 and 0.84, respectively. This study indicated that, in protected agriculture, soil OM, AN, and Olsen-P contents improved, accompanied by a high risk of N and P loss, and AK and soil pH values decreased. It is recommended that the input of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers should be controlled, and the input of potassium fertilizer should be increased for more than 10 years of facility cultivation. This study provides a scientific basis for the rational fertilization of agricultural facilities. The findings indicate that after facility planting for 10-20 years, soil organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus significantly increased, yet the leaching risk of nitrogen and phosphorus increased as well, suggesting that the input of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be controlled. After 3-5 years of planting, soil AK and pH values decreased significantly, implicating that potassium and organic fertilizer should be supplemented in a timely manner. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

全球价值链视角下中国农产品贸易隐含氮、磷、钾研究

基于GTAP数据库提供的多区域投入产出表,采用全球价值链方法测算中国农产品贸易中隐含的化肥转移,并按照农产品最终消费的地理位置将其分解为四部分。研究发现：（1）中国农产品进口为国内节约640万t化肥（占我国化肥用量的13%）,同时引起全球化肥用量节约285万t,为缓解全球资源和环境压力做出贡献;（2）中国农产品贸易深度参与全球价值链,进口农产品中隐含的化肥有12%会再次出口到全球,意味着农产品贸易背后隐含的资源到达中国后会再次出口,形成多次跨境转移。建议在全球价值链视角下更为客观地估算农产品贸易隐含的化肥及其他资源环境问题,倡导共同承担贸易引致的资源环境问题。     

Using historical spy satellite photographs and recent remote sensing data to identify high-conservation-value forests

High-conservation-value forests (HCVFs) are critically important for biodiversity and ecosystem service provisioning, but they face many threats. Where systematic HCVF inventories are missing, such as in parts of Eastern Europe, these forests remain largely unacknowledged and therefore often unprotected. We devised a novel, transferable approach for detecting HCVFs based on integrating historical spy satellite images, contemporary remote sensing data (Landsat), and information on current potential anthropogenic pressures (e.g., road infrastructure, population density, demand for fire wood, terrain). We applied the method to the Romanian Carpathians, for which we mapped forest continuity (1955–2019), canopy structural complexity, and anthropogenic pressures. We identified 738,000 ha of HCVF. More than half of this area was identified as susceptible to current anthropogenic pressures and lacked formal protection. By providing a framework for broad-scale HCVF monitoring, our approach facilitates integration of HCVF into forest conservation and management. This is urgently needed to achieve the goals of the European Union's Biodiversity Strategy to maintain valuable forest ecosystems.     

Green research and development (R&D) investment and its impact on the market value of firms: evidence from South African mining firms

The importance of global corporate green research and development (R&D) investment is gaining momentum and South Africa is no exception. This paper examines growing economic perceptions that green financial and stock-market systems result in heightened corporate hyperopia and therefore increase long-term and future green investment associated with R&D. It reports on the findings of a survey of 14 South African mining firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange SRI index. The study found, that, these firms’ market value showed a positive association with Green R&D. It also revealed increased Green R&D activity among large mining firms in the country and that they are highly likely to maintain their level of such investment in the coming years. The study's outcomes thus add to the body of empirical knowledge on firm hyperopia in relation to corporate greening initiatives.     

基于选择试验模型的基本农田非市场价值评估——以浙江省德清县为例

非市场价值是基本农田价值的重要组成部分。对基本农田价值的全面认识与科学评估,有助于基本农田保护经济补偿机制的建立。针对目前中国耕地和基本农田非市场价值研究中尚未引入选择试验模型的现状,论文尝试将选择试验模型引入基本农田非市场价值评估研究,并以浙江省德清县为例展开实证分析。在问卷调查的基础上,首先分析城乡居民对于基本农田保护的认知差异;然后运用选择试验模型分析城乡居民对于基本农田非市场价值的认知偏好及其可能的异质性来源;最后评估并比较城乡居民对于基本农田非市场价值的支付意愿,得出德清县基本农田的非市场价值。研究得到如下主要结论:①城乡居民对基本农田非市场价值的认知偏好存在差异,其认知偏好受年龄、教育程度、家庭人口数、收入、行为和态度变量的影响;②城镇居民的支付意愿普遍高于农村居民,城镇居民平均年支付意愿为143.04元/户,农村居民平均年支付意愿为27.47元/户,城乡居民的收入差异显著影响其支付意愿;③Mixed Logit模型能够揭示不同个体之间存在的选择偏好的异质性及其可能来源,且模型拟合程度更高,解释力优于MNL模型,但是,在应用MNL模型和Mixed Logit模型评估属性的支付意愿时,估计结果存在差异;④计算结果表明,2009年德清县基本农田非市场价值为2.58×10⁸元,单位面积非市场价值为1.27×10⁴元/hm²,占基本农田总价值的54.17%。     

基于优化组合赋权的煤层气开发风险评价研究

煤层气开发项目的高风险制约着我国煤层气产业的发展,为此,通过对煤层气开发风险因素的分析,基于煤层气开发特征构建由7个一级指标和34个二级指标构成的风险评价体系。运用离差平方和优化组合熵值法和三角模糊数法所得权重确定指标最佳权重,建立煤层气开发风险评价模型。最后,以沁水盆地南部柿庄南区块煤层气井为例进行实证评价,结果显示地质资源因素对该地区煤层气开发影响最大,其中渗透率的影响最为显著。研究表明:模型能优化主观评价和客观评价的赋权比重,最大化的减少主观因素对评价结果的影响,能客观合理的表达多指标间的对比差异,对煤层气开发风险进行可靠的定量化评价。为煤层气开发风险的控制和规避提供科学的理论依据。     

Influence of cadmium on the storage and metabolism of HCH in rats

Male albino rats were administered Cd and HCH daily for six weeks to study the effect of Cd on storage and metabolism of HCH. The results indicated a marked inhibition of the metabolism of HCH in the group dosed with HCH + Cd. The metabolic rate of HCH in the group dosed with HCH + Cd was also significantly lower than that in the group dosed with HCH alone. The hepatic content of Cd and Zn was significantly increased whereas a marked depletion of Cu and Fe was observed in the groups exposed to Cd and HCH + Cd. A high level of free Cd and Zn or a low level of Fe and Cu in liver seemed to play an important role in the metabolic inhibition observed in this study.     

三江源区生态系统服务间接使用价值评估

论文利用替代成本法、机会成本法和影子工程法等经济学方法,对三江源区生态系统提供的间接使用价值进行了评估。研究结果表明:2008年三江源区生态系统的间接使用价值共计1.74×10¹¹元,其中水源涵养价值为1.07×10¹¹元,占61.38%,土壤保持价值为4.60×10¹⁰元,占26.50%,气候调节价值为2.01×10¹⁰元,占11.56%,空气质量调节价值为9.56×10⁸元,占0.55%。该结果突出反映了三江源区作为水源发源地在水量平衡、调节区域水分循环和改善水文状况等方面做出的贡献。     

Determining the tourism potential of the Altındere Valley National Park (Trabzon/Turkey) with respect to its conservation value

This study was conducted to determine the tourism potential of Alt?ndere Valley National Park with respect to its conservation and utilization. With its natural values, Alt?ndere Valley National Park is one of the internationally prominent areas of potential for the recreational and touristic facilities it offers.

A mathematical method – criterion referenced method – was applied within this study, which was done to portray the touristic potential (resulting from the touristic and recreational utilization of the national park area and recreational zone) of the national park, which was visited by an average of 200,000 local and foreign guests.

According to this method, the conservation and utilization values that appear on two opposite axes were examined in accordance with the natural resource values of the area, and conservation and utilization values for each criterion were determined. Depending on the data, the general exploitable touristic potential of the area was specified.

A survey study was conducted on groups from various disciplines and local & foreign tourists visiting the area in specifying the touristic potential of the National Park. Eleven criteria were defined concerning the area and a criterion reference was prepared for each criterion. Then, conservation and utilization values for each criterion and exploitable touristic potential were mathematically indicated. The fact that the attained values were reduced to a percentage basis provides the opportunity to compare the researched area to similar fields that use the same method. Within the scope of the method, several suggestions were made using the information obtained in the evaluation of the data for every other source value.     

Sustainable design of sanitation system based on material and value flow analysis for urban slum in Indonesia

Material flow analysis (MFA) and value flow analysis (VFA) were applied to the sanitation system in an urban slum in Indonesia. Based on the results of the MFA and VFA, garbage and excreta disposal costs were evaluated to be 0.7% and 1.1%, respectively, of per capita income. Such value flows seem reasonable in light of the recognized affordability to pay (ATP) standard. However, current excreta disposal methods create negative impacts on downstream populations. Because such disadvantages do not go back to disposers, but passed to downstream, the current value flow structure does not motivate individual toilet users to install treatment facility. Based on current material and value flow structures, a resource recycling sanitation system scenario was examined. Based on VFA, an affordable initial cost for such a system was calculated; this was found to be comparable in price to a cheaper composting toilet that is currently available in the market.