我国大气模式计算的若干问题

对我国大气环境界普遍采用的模式计算方法进行了分析，指出了模式计算结果的多样性，地面平均风速、最大地面浓度公式、面源模式、多次反射计算、熏烟模式和静风公式的影响，分析了烟气抬升公式的问题，推荐一个新的烟气抬升公式。对采样时间和布点也进行了分析。最后对这些问题的产生和解决办法提出了建议     

Exploring the Relationship Between Hydrologic Parameters and Nutrient Loads Using Digital Elevation Model and GIS – A Case Study from Sugarcreek Headwaters, Ohio, U.S.A.

Ohio is typical among the Midwestern and Eastern United States with high levels of water pollutants, the main sources being from agriculture. In this study, we used a digital elevation model in conjunction with hydrological indices to determine the role of landscape complexity affecting the spatial and temporal variation in pollutant levels, in one of the most impaired headwater streams in Ohio. More than eighty five percent of the study area is dominated by agriculture. Spatial distribution of slope (S), altitude and wetness index along with other watershed parameters such as flow direction, flow accumulation, stream networks, flow stream orders and erosion index were used within a Geographic Information Systems framework to quantify variation in nitrate and phosphate loads to headwater streams. Stream monitoring data for nutrient loads were used to correlate the observed spatial and temporal patterns with hydrological parameters using multiple linear regressions. Results from the wetness index calculated from a digital elevation model suggested a range of 0.10–16.39, with more than 35% having values less than 4.0. A Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) predicted soil loss in the range of 0.01–4.0 t/ha/yr. Nitrate nitrogen levels in the study area paralleled precipitation patterns over time, with higher nitrate levels corresponding to high precipitation. Atmospheric deposition through precipitation could explain approximately 35% of total nitrate levels observed in streams. Among the different topographic variables and hydrological indices, results from the step-wise multiple regression suggested the following best predictors, (1) elevation range and upstream flow length for nitrate, (2) flow direction and upstream flow length for ammonia-nitrogen and slope, and (3) elevation range for phosphate levels. Differences in the landscape models observed for nitrate, phosphate and ammonia-nitrogen in the surface waters were attributed partly to differences in the chemical activity and source strengths of the different forms of these nutrients through agricultural management practices. The results identify geomorphologic and landscape characteristics that influence pollutant levels in the study area.     

爆区附近岩土质点振动的测试与分析

工程爆破中一般用质点振速作为衡量爆破震动强度的参数，并按质点振动公式来进行计算，但这样往往不能全面地反映爆破震动所产生的破坏作用。本在对台阶微差爆破震动测试的基础上，通过回归分析，得到了爆区附近不同位置的振速衰减规律及适用于砂质泥岩和砂质页岩等均质岩体的频率特性，同时提出了爆破震动在边坡坡缘处的振速放大效应以及频率的调制作用，并对产生的原因做出了相应的分析。     

丹江口库区陆地植被物候空间格局及其与海拔的响应关系

海拔高度变化对区域温度、降水都起着至关重要的作用,从而会对植被物候特征产生影响。以丹江口库区为研究区,分析库区植被物候随海拔变化特征,该工作的开展对进一步认识库区植物物候空间特征,进而监测库区土地覆盖变化具有重要实践意义。研究采用Savitzky-Golay滤波算法重建库区2001~2012年MODIS 16天最大合成EVI时序影像数据,对重建后的时间序列影像采用动态阈值法提取库区陆地植被关键物候特征信息,并对库区陆地植被物候特征随海拔梯度变化特征进行分析。研究结果表明,丹江口库区陆地植被生长季为4月上旬至10月上旬,南部山区林地生长季最长,而库区中部、东部耕地生长季较短。植被物候特征随海拔梯度变化呈现两个较为明显的区域,低海拔区域植被生长季开始时间(Start of Season,SOS)随海拔升高而提前,生长季结束时间(End of Season,EOS)随海拔升高而推迟,进而导致生长季长度(Length of Season,LOS)随海拔升高而延长。而在海拔较高山区,林地植被物候呈现完全相反变化趋势。受丹江口水库和人类活动的影响,丹江口库区植被分布随海拔变化呈现两个较为明显的区域。     

Air quality at a snowmobile staging area and snow chemistry on and off trail in a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest, Snowy Range, Wyoming

A study was begun in the winter of 2000–2001 and continued through the winter of 2001–2002 to examine air quality at the Green Rock snowmobile staging area at 2,985 m elevation in the Snowy Range of Wyoming. The study was designed to evaluate the effects of winter recreation snowmobile activity on air quality at this high elevation site by measuring levels of nitrogen oxides (NO _x , NO), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O₃) and particulate matter (PM₁₀ mass). Snowmobile numbers were higher weekends than weekdays, but numbers were difficult to quantify with an infrared sensor. Nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide were significantly higher weekends than weekdays. Ozone and particulate matter were not significantly different during the weekend compared to weekdays. Air quality data during the summer was also compared to the winter data. Carbon monoxide levels at the site were significantly higher during the winter than during the summer. Nitrogen oxides and particulates were significantly higher during the summer compared to winter. Nevertheless, air pollutants were well dispersed and diluted by strong winds common at the site, and it appears that snowmobile emissions did not have a significant impact on air quality at this high elevation ecosystem. Pollutant concentrations were generally low both winter and summer. In a separate study, water chemistry and snow density were measured from snow samples collected on and adjacent to a snowmobile trail. Snow on the trail was significantly denser and significantly more acidic with significantly higher concentrations of sodium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, fluoride, and sulfate than in snow off the trail. Snowmobile activity had no effect on nitrate levels in snow.     

Spatial mismatch between wild bee diversity hotspots and protected areas

Wild bees are critical for multiple ecosystem functions but are currently threatened. Understanding the determinants of the spatial distribution of wild bee diversity is a major research gap for their conservation. We modeled wild bee α and β taxonomic and functional diversity in Switzerland to uncover countrywide diversity patterns and determine the extent to which they provide complementary information, assess the importance of the different drivers structuring wild bee diversity, identify hotspots of wild bee diversity, and determine the overlap between diversity hotspots and the network of protected areas. We used site-level occurrence and trait data from 547 wild bee species across 3343 plots and calculated community attributes, including taxonomic diversity metrics, community mean trait values, and functional diversity metrics. We modeled their distribution with predictors describing gradients of climate, resource availability (vegetation), and anthropogenic influence (i.e., land-use types and beekeeping intensity). Wild bee diversity changed along gradients of climate and resource availability; high-elevation areas had lower functional and taxonomic α diversity, and xeric areas harbored more diverse bee communities. Functional and taxonomic β diversities diverged from this pattern, with high elevations hosting unique species and trait combinations. The proportion of diversity hotspots included in protected areas depended on the biodiversity facet, but most diversity hotspots occurred in unprotected land. Climate and resource availability gradients drove spatial patterns of wild bee diversity, resulting in lower overall diversity at higher elevations, but simultaneously greater taxonomic and functional uniqueness. This spatial mismatch among distinct biodiversity facets and the degree of overlap with protected areas is a challenge to wild bee conservation, especially in the face of global change, and calls for better integrating unprotected land. The application of spatial predictive models represents a valuable tool to aid the future development of protected areas and achieve wild bee conservation goals.     

洱海湖滨带不同基底高程下菰出苗及生长特征

为研究洱海不同类型湖滨带菰(Zizania caduciflora)的出苗及生长的特征,在2010年3月和6月(菰的主要出苗和生长季节)调查洱海湖湾型和非湖湾型湖滨带不同基底高程上菰生物量、密度、植株叶片数、植株高度等的变化,分析洱海水位变化的影响. 结果表明:随着湖滨带基底高程的降低,洱海湖滨带菰的密度、生物量、单株叶片数呈先增高后快速降低趋势,株高则呈增大后基本不变的趋势;从株密度及生物量看,随着3—6月洱海水位的降低,湖湾型和非湖湾型湖滨带菰生长的最适基底高程都随之下降,3月为1964.85m,6月为1964.55m,所对应的水深均为0.3m. 3月和6月湖湾型湖滨带能够出苗良好的基底高程比非湖湾型分别低了0.3和0.6m;随着水位的下降,湖湾型湖滨带菰出苗良好的范围向水下延伸,但在非湖湾型湖滨带,出苗良好的最低高程几乎不变. 湖湾型和非湖湾型湖滨带菰出苗和生长的差异显示出其影响因素不同,在湖湾型湖滨带,水深动态变化是主要影响因子,而在非湖湾型湖滨带,风浪作用和水深动态变化存在共同作用.      

A Fully Distributed Implementation of Mean Annual StreamFlow Regional Regression Equations1

Abstract: Estimates of mean annual streamflow are needed for a variety of hydrologic assessments. Away from gage locations, regional regression equations that are a function of upstream area, precipitation, and temperature are commonly used. Geographic information systems technology has facilitated their use for projects, but traditional approaches using the polygon overlay operator have been too inefficient for national scale applications. As an alternative, the Elevation Derivatives for National Applications (EDNA) database was used as a framework for a fully distributed implementation of mean annual streamflow regional regression equations. The raster “flow accumulation” operator was used to efficiently achieve spatially continuous parameterization of the equations for every 30 m grid cell of the conterminous United States (U.S.). Results were confirmed by comparing with measured flows at stations of the Hydro‐Climatic Data Network, and their applications value demonstrated in the development of a national geospatial hydropower assessment. Interactive tools at the EDNA website make possible the fast and efficient query of mean annual streamflow for any location in the conterminous U.S., providing a valuable complement to other national initiatives (StreamStats and the National Hydrography Dataset Plus).     

西南水稻白叶枯病菌致病型多样性的垂直分布格局及成因探讨

利用6个含有单抗基因的近等基因系材料为鉴别品种,在水稻的孕穗期采用剪叶接种的方法,测定了西南不同海拔稻区218株水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae）的致病型。结果表明,（1）西南稻区水稻白叶枯病菌致病型具有丰富的多样性,共包含18种,其中9种新致病型为西南地区特有的类型。（2）不同海拔稻区病菌致病型组成存在明显差异,中海拔稻区病菌致病型数量最多,高海拔稻区次之,低海拔稻区最少。低海拔稻区病菌致病型多样性指数、均匀度指数均最低,并且与中海拔和高海拔稻区差异显著。（3）通过分析病菌对抗性基因的克服数量以及鉴别品种病斑长度,表明不同海拔稻区病菌毒力存在明显差异。病菌的毒力与其地理来源的海拔高度呈负相关关系。（4）聚类分析结果显示,以致病型彼此间相似率60%为界,18种致病型可归为4个聚类簇,其中簇Ⅰ毒性最弱,主要集中了高海拔稻区的菌株,簇Ⅳ毒性最强,集中的主要是低海拔菌株。（5）相关性分析表明,病菌致病型多样性特征值与气候类型和寄主品种的多样性呈线性相关关系,气候类型和寄主品种影响病菌致病型的多样性分布,并且寄主品种对病菌的影响程度高于气候类型。就品种的布局而言,低海拔稻区应尽可能使用含有多个抗性基因的聚合品种,而在中、高海拔稻区,应制定好抗性基因轮换的宏观计划,减少低海拔地区向海拔较高的地区稻种的频繁调运,降低水稻白叶枯病的危害。     

西江水氢氧同位素组成的空间变化及环境意义

2014年6月和2015年1月,在西江各干流和支流分别采集了54个水样,对水的氢氧同位素组成进行了分析.结果表明,西江水体δ18O和δD存在明显的线性关系,这种相关关系旱季显著于雨季,西江水体旱、雨季18O、D值均沿大气降水线分布.氘盈余(d)值雨季大于旱季,主要是由于雨季降水多通过落水洞、竖井、漏斗等岩溶形态直接补给地下河,与围岩接触的时间较短,而旱季降雨较少,地表河系统受储存在岩溶裂隙、孔隙中的地下水体补给.由于受海拔高度及蒸发效应的影响,西江干流红水河—浔江段和支流右江—郁江段δ18O和δD值整体上表现为沿流程逐渐偏正的趋势,而由于桂江支流上游到下游海拔差异不大,流程简短、加上桂江支流水量少于西江干流和右江—郁江支流,桂江支流未出现从上游到下游逐渐偏正现象.通过δ18O与高程的关系建立了二者之间的线性回归模型,揭示了雨季西江水体随高度的变化率为:-0.44‰·(100 m)-1,旱季为-0.45‰·(100 m)-1,反映西江流域降水的高度效应,这对流域水循环过程的研究具有重要的水文地质意义.