3种刺激性化学战剂对鱼类的急性毒性

采用国际通用鱼种斑马鱼(Brachydaniorerio)及中国特有鱼种稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocyprisrarus)2种试验生物,对二苯氰胂、二苯氯胂、苯氯乙酮3种化学战剂进行了静态及半静态2种方式的急性毒性测试.结果表明,对于不稳定受试物,半静态试验方式更能满足对浓度的质量控制要求;对于鱼类,这3种化学战剂均属于极高毒性水平;这3种化学战剂对于鱼类的急性毒性程度不同,二苯氰胂、二苯氯胂的毒性在同一水平,其中二苯氯胂毒性略强些,苯氯乙酮较另2种物质的毒性弱一个量级,比较2种鱼类的试验结果得出,稀有鮈鲫与斑马鱼敏感性相似.      

Detection of a Toxic Product Released by a Polyurethane-Containing Film Using a Composting Test Method Based on a Mineral Bed

The degradation of a film containing a 4,4diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) poly(€-caprolactone)-based polyurethane was followed in a test system based on a mineral solid bed designed to facilitate analysis of break-down products released under composting conditions. The use of a mineral solid bed can help extraction and analytical procedures which could be hindered by the heterogeneous nature of compost. The fermentation conditions are typical of the composting environment and generate a powerfully degradative environment. The film fully disintegrated within 30 days of treatment. Analysis on the mineral bed extracts showed that: (i) about 40% of the initial polyurethane was still present in the bed extracts; (ii) this residue was strongly degraded in the poly(€-caprolactone) part, while the urethane part was almost completely recovered (from 80 to 95%, according to the measurement method); (iii) 4,4 diamino diphenyl methane (MDA), a very dangerous product of MDI, was released during biodegradation. The results indicate that a mineral bed can be employed to study degradation and metabolites formation in solid phase fermentation and that the MDI-based polyurethanes are not susceptible of a full degradation during composting and maintain the potential of a slow release of MDA into the environment after soil application.     

发光细菌法测定有机工业废水综合毒性

应用发光细菌法对啤酒、酿造、印染、化纤、造纸废水进行了生物毒性测定；根据水质毒性分级标准对水样毒性进行了评价。结果表明，不同行业废水的生物毒性与其TOC值之间不存在相关性，只有将二者相结合，才能正确反映废水的实际毒性大小。发光细菌法用于工业废水毒性评价具有快速、简便、灵敏和准确的优点。     

Aluminium: The Need for a Re-Evaluation of Its Toxicity and Solubility in Mature Forest Stands

Aluminium (Al) is a key element in critical loadcalculations for forest. Here, we argue for re-evaluating theimportance of Al. Effects of two levels of enhanced Alconcentrations and lowered Ca:Al ratios in the soil solutionin a field manipulation experiment in a mature spruce stand(1996–1999) on tree vitality parameters were tested. Inaddition, Al solubility controls were tested. Various loads ofAl were added to forest plots by means of an irrigationsystem. Potentially toxic Al concentrations and criticalratios of Ca to inorganic Al were established. The ratio of Cato total Al was not a suitable indicator for unfavourableconditions for plant growth. No significant effects on crowncondition, tree growth and fine root production were observedafter three years of treatment. In 1999, foliar Mg content inthe highest Al addition treatment had declined significantly.This agreed with the known response to Al stress of seedlingsin nutrient solution experiments. No support was found forusing the chemical criterion Ca:Al ratio in soil solution,foliar and root tissue as an indicator for forest damage dueto acidification. Al solubility was considerably lower thanimplied by the assumption of equilibrium with gibbsite,particularly in the root zone. The gibbsite equilibrium iscommonly used in critical load models. Substitution of thegibbsite equilibrium with an Al-organic matter complexationmodel to describe Al solubility in soil water may have largeconsequences for calculation of critical loads. The resultsindicate that critical load maps for forests should bereconsidered.     

Effect of Poly(l-Lactide) and Poly(Butylene Succinate) on the Growth of Red Pepper and Tomato

Seeds of red pepper and tomato were sowed and cultivated in a soil blended with powdery poly(l-lactide) (PLLA), and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). PBS depressed the growth of the two plants significantly even at a concentration as low as 5%, whereas PLLA up to 35% affected negligibly or even boosted the growth of the two plants. pH and number of microbial cells in the soil after 80 days of cultivation were almost the same independently whether the soil was blended with the two polymers or not. In contrast, the molecular weight of PBS decreased much faster than that of PLLA. Because succinic acid and 1,4-butane diol, from which PBS was synthesized, exhibited toxicity to both plant and animal cells to retard the germination rate of young radish seeds and to deform the morphology of HeLa cells significantly [1], the monomers and the oligomers produced from the PBS degradation should have a detrimental influence on the growth of the two plants.     

Evaluating the toxicity of food processing wastes as co-digestion substrates with dairy manure

Studies have shown that including food waste as a co-digestion substrate in the anaerobic digestion of livestock manure can increase energy production. However, the type and inclusion rate of food waste used for co-digestion need to be carefully considered in order to prevent adverse conditions in the digestion environment. This study determined the effect of increasing the concentration (2%, 5%, 15% and 30%, by volume) of four food-processing wastes (meatball, chicken, cranberry and ice cream processing wastes) on methane production. Anaerobic toxicity assay (ATA) and specific methanogenic activity (SMA) tests were conducted to determine the concentration at which each food waste became toxic to the digestion environment. Decreases in methane production were observed at concentrations above 5% for all four food waste substrates, with up to 99% decreases in methane production at 30% food processing wastes (by volume).     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对拟南芥幼苗的氧化损伤（Oxidative Damage Induced by Dibutyl Phthalate to Stem and Leaves of Arabidopsis Seedlings）

为了探讨邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对植物的氧化损伤作用,采用不同浓度的DBP溶液对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)进行染毒(终浓度为0、0.5、2.5、5、10mg·L-1),检测DBP对幼苗茎、叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明:染毒1周后,随DBP浓度的升高,拟南芥幼苗茎叶MDA含量呈显著上升趋势,高浓度组(5、10mg·L-1)与对照组差异显著(p<0.01);SOD活性随DBP浓度的升高呈先升高后降低趋势,各染毒组与对照组均差异显著(p<0.01).以上结果表明DBP可对拟南芥幼苗产生明显的氧化损伤.     

辛基酚对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应

为评价辛基酚(OP)对中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)蝌蚪的急性毒性,将26期蝌蚪暴露在浓度为5.0×10-7～5.0×10-6mol·L-1OP的水体中进行急性毒性实验.结果显示,蝌蚪的死亡率随着OP浓度的升高和暴露时间的延长而增加,24、48、72、96h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为3.55×10-6、2.96×10-6、1.90×10-6、1.52×10-6mol·L-1;96h零致死浓度(96hLC0)为9.70×10-7mol·L-1;安全浓度(SC)为1.52×10-7mol·L-1.另外,为探讨SC以下OP对蝌蚪生长发育的影响,将26期蝌蚪连续暴露在1.0×10-7、5.0×10-8、1.0×10-8、1.0×10-9mol·L-1OP的水体中,并设1.0×10-7、1.0×10-8mol·L-1雌二醇(E2)阳性对照及空白对照,直至70%蝌蚪完全变态.在暴露20d、40d和70%蝌蚪完全变态时共3次测量蝌蚪及幼蛙的体长和体重,分别统计70%蝌蚪发育至跗蹠部伸长期、前肢伸出期和完全变态期所需的时间.结果表明,SC以下OP和E2对蝌蚪死亡率的影响不明显,但1.0×10-9～1.0×10-7mol·L-1OP和1.0×10-7、1.0×10-8mol·L-1E2可不同程度地延缓蝌蚪发育时间,降低蝌蚪体长和体重,并导致少数蝌蚪发育畸形.结果说明低浓度OP与E2相似,对蝌蚪生长发育具有抑制作用.     

兰竹荔枝胚珠内源激素含量变化与胚胎发育的关系

以兰竹荔枝胚胎发育时期的正常胚珠与败育胚珠为试验材料,研究了胚胎发育与内源激素的关系,结果表明：正常胚珠中ＩＡＡ、ＧＡ１＋３和ＡＢＡ含量均在花后７ｄ达到峰值,随后呈下降趋势;但ＩＡＡ和ＧＡ１＋３含量在心形胚至鱼雷胚时期都有所回升,ＣＴＫ含量在球形胚之前一直很高,败育胚珠中ＡＢＡ含量在胚胎败育期保持较高水平,ＩＡＡ和ＧＡ１＋３则降到最低点,ＣＴＫ含量亦明显低于正常胚珠,ＺＲｓ、ＤＨＺＲｓ和ｉＰＡｓ含     

土壤—植物系统中的镉研究进展

镉是土壤-植物系统中毒性最强的重金属之一，由镉产生的环境污染问题也日趋严重。近20年来，世界各国对镉在土壤-植物系统中的形态、转化、分布和毒害机理等都进行了广泛深入的研究本文对这些研究取得的成果和存在的分歧进行了综合评述，并提出对镉污染土壤进行综合治理的措施．