Algae mediate submerged macrophyte response to nutrient and dissolved inorganic carbon loading: A mesocosm study on different species

Nutrient and dissolved inorganic carbon are two important factors that influence the development and species composition of submerged macrophyte communities in shallow lake ecosystems. Yet little is known about their potential interactive effects on the submerged macrophytes and competition outcome of macrophyte–phytoplankton. We performed a mesocosm experiment to investigate the growth and photosynthetic performance of three submerged macrophytes in relation to phytoplankton/epiphyton with nutrient and bicarbonate enrichment. During the experimental period (42 d), increase in nutrient loading in water column resulted in a substantial burst of phytoplankton and epiphyton growth and increased light attenuation. When combined with nutrient loading, bicarbonate enrichment also resulted in a heavily phytoplankton- and epiphyton-dominated state, although bicarbonate enrichment per se does not cause the phytoplankton and epiphyton growth. However, increase in nutrient loading in water column had significant negative impact on individual performances (growth and photosynthesis) of the three submerged macrophytes and bicarbonate enrichment increased the effect of eutrophication on two dissected-leaf macrophytes (M. spicatum and E. nuttallii). Furthermore, our results also suggest that species-specific photosynthetic performances occurred when submerged macrophytes in an environment with high abundance of phytoplankton/epiphyton. This study highlighted that increase in nutrient loading and bicarbonate in water column is likely to interactively impact both abiotic and biotic properties of a freshwater ecosystem. The interactions of these two factors could select macrophyte species that are able to resist the shading from phytoplankton/epiphyton, making these species more dominant in natural freshwater ecosystems.     

Bacterial succession in epiphytic biofilms and deciduous layer sediments during Hydrilla verticillata decay: A field investigation

Submersed macrophytes decay is an important natural process and has important role in mass and energy flow in aquatic ecosystems. However, little is known about the dynamical changes in nutrients release and bacterial community during submersed macrophyte decay in natural environment. In this study, a field observation was conducted in a wetland dominated with Hydrilla verticillata for 36 days. Increase of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and decrease of soluble proteins concentration were detected in leaves during H. verticillata decay. Meanwhile, ammonium-N, soluble microbial products (SMP) and TOC concentration increased in overlying water. According to bacterial 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing analysis, the Shannon values were lower in epiphytic biofilms than deciduous layer sediments. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria were higher in epiphytic biofilms than in deciduous layer sediments (P < 0.05). Co-occurrence network analyses showed that a total of 578 and 845 pairs of correlations (|r| > 0.6) were identified from 122 and 112 genera in epiphytic biofilms and deciduous layer sediments, respectively. According to co-occurrence patterns, eight hubs were mainly from phyla Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Parcubacteria in epiphytic biofilms; while 37 hubs from the 14 phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, et al.) were detected in deciduous layer sediments. Our results indicate that bacterial community in deciduous layer sediments was more susceptible than in epiphytic biofilms during decay process. These data highlight the role of microbial community in deciduous layer sediments on nutrients removal during H. verticillata decay and will provide useful information for wetland management.     

温度对沉水植物腐解释放DOM及微生物群落多样性的影响

在5,10,20,35℃下研究了黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解过程中DOM的特性、细菌和真菌群落结构多样性的变化.结果表明,腐解结束时5,10,20,35℃下黑藻的干物质剩余量分别为初始干物质质量的59.13%、43.91%、32.61%和29.57%,马来眼子菜的干物质剩余量分别为初始干物质质量的69.13%、51.3%、30.87%和29.57%.升高温度一定程度上促进了植物有机碳和全氮释放,对全磷无明显影响（P>0.05）.采用平行因子分析法得到黑藻中含有2种类腐殖酸组分C1、C2和1种类蛋白质组分C3,马来眼子菜中含有3种类腐殖酸组分C1、C2和C3.温度升高使得腐解水体中DO和电导率的变化程度加剧,总体上4种温度下2种植物腐解水体中DO均呈现先下降后上升的趋势.通过高通量测序得到腐解前期（0~16d）参与黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解的主要细菌分别为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;腐解中后期（16~68d）参与黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解的细菌分别以厚壁菌门（Phylum Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为主,温度对细菌群落结构无明显影响,而参与2种植物腐解的真菌均以子囊菌（Ascomycetes）最为活跃.     

贡湖生态修复区水质净化模拟与净化能力

利用三维水质模型,对藻类生长以及沉水植物（穗花狐尾藻、菹草、苦草）的生长和分布进行模拟,探讨春、夏不同季节情况下,贡湖生态修复区对流域内流入的氮、磷污染负荷的净化效果,旨在进一步定量地揭示沉水植物对富营养化水体净化的重要作用.结果表明贡湖生态修复区夏季（7~9月）出水口IV类水水质达标率略优于春季（3~5月）,主要体现在春季氮、磷污染负荷流入,刺激藻类生长,叶绿素a浓度较高;夏季沉水植物生长旺盛,能够与藻类竞争营养盐,从而抑制藻类生长.考虑氮磷污染物流入湖体的后续效应,180d内春季贡湖生态修复区总氮、总磷平均稀释净化效率分别为74.76%和71.00%,180d内夏季贡湖生态修复区总氮、总磷平均稀释净化效率分别为73.20%和64.65%.修复区最大净化能力估算结果为加强生态修复区的管理,保障清水还湖水质提供了参考依据.     

露天矿地质灾害应急救援智能调度系统研究*

为避免露天矿地质灾害对矿山及周边城市安全带来严重影响,提升灾害发生后的应急响应速度,以抚顺西露天矿为背景,提出西露天矿地质灾害应急救援智能调度系统的设计思路,按照“统分结合、集中管理”的模式,构建救援力量装备库、地理数据库、地质灾害链数据库,设计御灾保障体系模块及应急救援调度模块,研发地质灾害应急救援智能调度系统。研究结果表明:构建高效率的地质灾害应急救援智能调度系统具有重要的意义,可为我国露天矿山安全及防灾减灾体系建设提供实用工具。     

一起突发环境群体性事件的调处与思考

近年来突发环境群体性事件处于高发态势,事件成因复杂,如何应对突发环境群体性事件,保障环境安全成为各方关注的焦点和热点。本文针对当地的一起突发环境群体性事件的成功调处,对事件的由来、处置进行了介绍,对造成该事件的原因进行了深入的剖析,并提出了预防该类突发环境群体性事件的几点警示,以供同类事件借鉴。     

水体阿特拉津残留对千屈菜的毒性效应

为向水体污染的植物修复技术提供依据,采用营养液水培法研究5个阿特拉津浓度(1、2、4、8和16 mg L-1)下千屈菜鲜重增量、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、根系活力和叶绿素含量等的变化差异.结果表明,阿特拉津胁迫下,千屈菜在实验浓度范围内均可存活和生长;但鲜重增量、RWC、叶绿素含量均有不同程度的下降,根系活力和POD活性降低,同时MDA含量上升,膜脂过氧化程度加剧.阿特拉津浓度越高,其对千屈菜的毒性越高.1 mg L-1处理下,除POD活性外植物其他生长和生理指标均与空白对照无显著差异;但16 mgL-1处理下,鲜重增量、MDA含量和POD活性则显著低于正常水平.由于阿特拉津的降解,这种不良影响随处理时间的延长而减弱.千屈菜对低浓度阿特拉津(≤1 mg L-1)具有较高耐受性.     

沉水植物与生态浮床组合对水产养殖污染控制的研究

通过2009年9月—2010年2月测定陆基围隔中水生植物种植密度、浮床水面覆盖率、水质状况、浮游藻类群落特征及水生生物生长状况,研究了沉水植物与植物浮床相结合的新型养殖水体净化模式对养虾塘污染原位净化及水质调控效果。结果表明,养虾塘第Ⅴ组围隔(单个围隔面积为3 m×3 m)内栽种苦草(Vallisneria natans)4.0 kg和轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)3.0 kg,与种植312株常绿鸢尾(Iris hexagonus)的植物浮床组合,对养殖污染的控制效果较好,TN、TP、CODMn分别从3.41、0.32、14.34 mg.L-1降至0.79、0.02和11.96 mg.L-1;第Ⅴ组围隔内浮游藻类Margalef指数为4.00,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为3.32,Pielou均匀度指数为0.76,显示养殖水体环境较稳定,水质相对较好。     

论重大突发事件的心理影响及本体应付——以印度洋地震海啸为例

重大突发事件因其突发性，难以预测并危害巨大，常常给人们的心理带来巨大的伤害。以印度洋地震海啸为例，研究了突发事件对人们的心理影响与受灾者的应付之间的关系，结果表明，采用成熟的应付方式可以有效减轻受灾者的心理伤害，并提出了改善应付方式的建议。     

湿地挺水植物根系土壤中的磷形态变化与分析

以野鸭湖湿地中扁秆藨草、芦苇和茭白3种优势挺水植物为研究对象,利用化学连续提取法对根际和非根际土壤中不同形态无机磷和有机磷进行分级提取,分析了不同形态磷的含量特点和分布规律,探讨了植物对磷素的潜在吸收机制.结果表明,根际Ca-P含量均显著低于非根际,Ex-P、Fe-P和Oc-P相反.4种形态有机磷含量均为根际高于非根际,表现出累积的趋势.根际Ca-P/TP值显著小于非根际,说明植物将有效性低的Ca-P形态大量转化为其他形态无机磷以供自身利用;根际HR-OP/TP值小于非根际,而MR-OP/TP大于非根际,表明稳定有机磷形态有向活性高的有机磷转化的趋势;TIP/TP均为根际小于非根际,而TOP/TP根际大于非根际,推测根系在吸收利用磷素的过程中主要吸收无机磷,同时积聚大量有机磷供转化后利用.