镀液循环流量对封闭循环电沉积Ni-SiC复合镀层的影响

目的 研究封闭式镀液循环装置中不同镀液循环流量对Ni-SiC复合镀层的影响规律,优化镀液循环流量参数.方法 以Q235管状工件为待镀基体,以添加SiC颗粒的改良瓦特镀液为母液,在自主研发的封闭式镀液循环电镀装置中以0.3、0.5、0.7 m3/h的镀液循环流量于管件内壁制备Ni-SiC复合镀层,通过SEM检测、XRD测试、硬度测试和摩擦磨损性能测试等手段,对各Ni-SiC复合镀层宏微观形貌、厚度、成分、结构、硬度和耐磨性进行分析研究.结果 在0.5 m3/h流量条件下,镀层厚度为32.98μm,SiC颗粒含量为15.37％,镀层晶粒尺寸和硬度分别为10.84 nm和704HK0.245,该条件下制备的Ni-SiC复合镀层具有最佳耐磨性,摩擦系数为0.41,体积磨损率仅2.83×10–5 mm3/Nm.结论 在不同镀液循环流量参数下,采用该封闭式循环电镀装置,均可制得均匀完整的Ni-SiC复合镀层.随镀液循环流量的升高,镀层厚度和SiC颗粒体积含量均降低,镀层颜色金属光泽增强,镀层晶粒尺寸先减小、后增大,镀层硬度则先升高、后降低.     

低温高铁锰氨氮地下水两级生物净化快速启动

为了实现东北地区低温（5~6℃）高铁、锰、氨氮（TFe：9~15mg/L，Fe²⁺：6~12mg/L，NH₃-N：1.4~2.0mg/L，Mn²⁺：1.4~2.0mg/L）地下水的净化及解决同层净化中运行稳定性差、出水锰超标的问题，在水厂净化车间开展“两级曝气+两级过滤”工艺启动研究，采用差滤速和同滤速2种启动方式分别启动两级生物净化工艺.结果表明，2种启动方式分别在106，59d启动成功.同滤速启动可以有效的缩短两级生物净化的启动时间，铁、锰、氨氮去除负荷可达110.69，18.80，19.54g/（m²·h），沿程分析发现，铁在一级滤柱的60cm处即被去除至痕量；85.08%的氨氮在一级滤柱中去除，沿程各段去除均匀，14.92%的氨氮在二级滤柱中去除；锰的去除率和氧化活性去除区位受滤速及进水氨氮浓度影响较大，33.72%的锰在一级滤柱中去除，66.28%的锰在二级滤柱中去除，锰的去除仍然是滤池成熟的决定性因素.     

城市交通机动车污染控制研究进展

城市交通机动车污染问题非常复杂，在许多不可控因素，城市交通是一个动态系统，污染物排放量始终处于变化之中，控制城市交通污染，必须严格控制机动车排放，该文介绍了国内外对城市机动车污染控制研究的概况，以及几种城市中污染物扩散的模型，展望了这方面研究前发展趋势，并提出了可持续发展的效能系统设计与管理的新概念。     

Chance-constrained programming (CCP)abatement of SO_2 emission for acid deposition control in Liuzhou City

A deterministic linear programming model which optimizes the abatement of each SO2 emission source, is extended into a CCP form by introducing equations of probabilistic constrained through the incorporation of uncertainty in the source-receptor-specific transfer coefficients. Based on the calculation of SO2 and sulfate average residence time for Liuzhou City, a sulfur deposition model has been developed and the distribution of transfer coefficients have been found to be approximately log-normal. Sulfur removal minimization of the model shows that the abatement of emission sources in the city is more effective, while control cost optimization provides the lowest cost programmes for source abatement at each allowable deposition limit under varied environmental risk levels. Finally a practicable programme is recommended.     

The safety of fetoscopy: (I). Effect of umbilical vessel puncture on the fetal heart rate and cord histology

The fetal heart rate (FHR) was continuously monitored during 42 umbilical vessel punctures performed at the placental insertion of the cord in 24 diagnostic fetoscopies in which pure fetal blood was obtained. In only one patient did a deceleration first appear during puncture and aspiration of fetal blood. In two patients decelerations preceded fetoscopy and in two others they began during the fetoscopy but before puncture of an umbilical vessel. In 19 patients, the FHR did not change at all during the procedure. Fetal haemorrhage after sampling was either absent or minimal. Six pregnancies were terminated because a positive diagnosis had been made and 18 healthy babies were born. Umbilical cords were examined after 7 terminations of pregnancy and after 6 deliveries. In the former group the puncture could just be seen with the naked eye and the needle track was demonstrated histologically in 6. No traces of the puncture or other abnormalities were found in the cords after delivery. Fetal blood sampling from umbilical cord vessels, particularly at the placental insertion of the cord, is the technique of choice since pure fetal blood can be obtained without increasing the risk of fetoscopy.     

Methodological and Practical Considerations for Developing Multiproject Baselines for Electric Power and Cement Industry Projects in Central America

The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas (CSDA) conducted technical studies and organized two training workshops to develop capacity in Central America for the evaluation of climate change projects. This paper describes the results of two baseline case studies conducted for these workshops, one for the power sector and one for the cement industry, that were devised to illustrate certain approaches to baseline setting. Multiproject baseline emission rates (BERs) for the main Guatemalan electricity grid were calculated from 2001 data. In recent years, the Guatemalan power sector has experienced rapid growth; thus, a sufficient number of new plants have been built to estimate viable BERs. We found that BERs for baseload plants offsetting additional baseload capacity ranged from 0.702 kgCO2/kWh (using a weighted average stringency) to 0.507 kgCO2/kWh (using a 10th percentile stringency), while the baseline for plants offsetting load-following capacity is lower at 0.567 kgCO2/kWh. For power displaced from existing load-following plants, the rate is higher, 0.735 kgCO2/kWh, as a result of the age of some plants used for meeting peak loads and the infrequency of their use. The approved consolidated methodology for the Clean Development Mechanism yields a single rate of 0.753 kgCO2/kWh. Due to the relatively small number of cement plants in the region and the regional nature of the cement market, all of Central America was chosen as the geographic boundary for setting cement industry BERs. Unfortunately, actual operations and output data were unobtainable for most of the plants in the region, and many data were estimated. Cement industry BERs ranged from 205 kgCO2 to 225 kgCO2 per metric ton of cement.     

天山云杉天然林分土壤呼吸速率的时空变化规律分析

天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana var.tianschanica(Rupr.)Chen et Fu)是构成天山山地森林生态系统的主体。在天山中部,从天山云杉在此区域分布的底线开始,结合天山云杉自然分布特征,沿每隔约100m的海拔梯度选择典型地段设置样地。根据远红外气体分析原理,采用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室和LI-6400便携式光合作用测量系统,于2006年6-9月,测定了天山云杉天然林分在生长季内土壤呼吸速率随海拔高度和时间的变化规律。在空间上,林分的土壤呼吸速率并非随海拔高度呈线性增加或减少的关系,而是有规律的波动,在海拔1950～2110m之间,土壤呼吸速率是随着海拔高度的增加而降低,在2110～2428m之间是随着海拔高度的增加而升高,在海拔2428m处达到最大的呼吸速率值后又降低。不同海拔高度林分的土壤呼吸速率主要受土壤表面空气相对湿度及土壤温度的影响。在时间上,林分的土壤呼吸速率在生长季内随不同月份的变化为单峰曲线,其最大值出现在7月份;生长季内土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著负相关,与土壤表面空气相对湿度呈极显著正相关。而林分土壤呼吸速率的日变化在各时间点上的大小排序为7月>6月>8月>9月。它的变化与土壤温度具有极显著的正相关性,与土壤表面空气相对湿度具有显著的负相关性。     

Intra-specific variations of two Leymus chinensis divergence populations in Songnen Plain, northeast China

Population demography, seed production, biomassallocation, net photosynthesis and transpiration of two Leymus chinensis divergence populations and between two years in Songnenplain, northeast China were compared. Strong differences betweenthe dry 1997 and moist 1998 occurred in vegetative shoot and sexualshoot densities, sexual differentiation and tiller densities, aswell as in the lengths of inflorescence, seed numbers perinflorescence, seed weights and biomass allocation in eachpopulation respectively (P<0.01). While strong differences betweenthe two populations occurred in vegetative shoot densities, sexualshoot densities, sexual differentiation and seed weights in eachyear (P<0.01). The differences between the two populations intiller densities and in biomass allocation to sexual shoots were significant (P<0.05). But there were no significant differences between the two populations in the lengths of inflorescence, seed numbers per inflorescence and biomass allocation to rhizomes and vegetative shoots (P>0.05). Excepting the transpiration rate in the early June, the differences between the two populations in net photosynthesis and transpiration rate of vegetative shoots and sexual shoots were strongly significant in the early June and July respectively (P<0.01). Relative stable variations in population demography and physiological traits between the two populations indicated that they are divergently in the Songnen Plain.     

Effects of cultivation on N2O emission and seasonal quantitative variations of related microbes in a temperate grassland soil

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Preliminary studies on nitrous oxide emissions from the ornithogenic soils on Xi-sha atoll, South China Sea

IntroductionNitrousoxide (N2 O)isoneofthemostimportantgreenhousegases ,anditplaysanimportantroleinthedepletionofstratosphericozone (Crutzen ,1977;Zhu ,2 0 0 4 ) .TheatmosphericN2 Oconcentrationshavebeenincreasingattherateof 0 2 %— 0 3%peryearandthegl…