Effects of bisphenol A,two synthetic and a natural estrogens on head regeneration of the freshwater planarians,Dugesia japonica

Regeneration is a vital physiological process for survival of adult organisms. Bisphenol A (BPA), diethystilbestrol (DES), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and 17β-estradiol (E2) were examined for their effects on head formation in decapitated freshwater planarians (Dugesia japonica). The median lethal concentration of the test chemicals and the median inhibitory concentration for decapitated planarians and different regenerative endpoints, were determined for 3–7 d of exposure. For planarian head regeneration, the no-observed-effect level of BPA and DES was 0.05 mg L^?1 and 1 mg L^?1 for EE2 and E2. The effects of BPA, DES, and EE2 on asexual planarian regeneration did not correspond with the order of their estrogenic potencies, suggesting that the effects, at least partially, were due to general toxicity rather than their estrogenicity. In view of the published data on concentrations of xenoestrogens in water bodies versus the nominal levels tested here, this study suggests that the current environmental levels of BPA, DES, EE2, and E2 have no immediate adverse effects on freshwater planarian regeneration.     

长江中下游某Unitank污水处理厂去除雌激素的效果分析

以长江中下游地区某实际运行的Unitank污水处理厂为研究对象,跟踪监测了其进、出水类固醇雌激素(SE)的浓度水平,考察了雌激素去除效果随时间的变化规律,并分析了不同处理工段对雌激素去除的贡献。结果表明:污水厂进水中雌酮(E1)、17β-雌二醇(E2)、17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)的浓度分别为32.4～89.0,19.4～78.0和12.3～45.0 ng/L,且夏季浓度高于冬季;Unitank工艺对E1、E2、EE2的去除率分别为21.3%～77.0%,23.4%～73.5%和25.2%～68.1%。SE去除主要依靠好氧生物降解实现,物理沉降(沉砂或沉淀)对SE的去除贡献较小。温度是影响SE去除的重要因素之一,较高的温度有利于SE的去除。     

北京市污水厂污泥中的内分泌干扰效应物质

采用重组基因酵母法检测了北京市16个污水处理厂污泥的雌激素、雄激素和孕激素效应.结果表明,各污水厂污泥中均可检测到雌激素受体诱导效应,范围在0.587～6.76ngEEQ·g-(1dw)之间.各水厂污泥均未检测出雄激素诱导效应和孕激素诱导效应,大部分污水厂污泥样品表现出较明显的雄激素抑制效应和较强的孕激素抑制效应.与国外相比,北京市污水厂污泥中的雌激素活性值相对较低.堆肥处理不能有效去除雌激素类物质和孕激素抑制物质,但对雄激素抑制物质的去除明显.     

Removal of estrogens by electrochemical oxidation process

Treatments of estrogens such as Estrone(E1), Estradiol(E2) and Ethinylestradiol(EE2) were conducted using an electrolytic reactor equipped with multi-packed granular glassy carbon electrodes.Experimental results showed that E1, E2 and EE2 were oxidized in the range of 0.45–0.85 V and were removed through electro-polymerization. Observed data from continuous experiments were in good agreement with calculated results by a mathematical model constructed based on mass transfer limitation. In continuous treatment of trace estrogens(1 μg/L), 98% of E1, E2 and EE2 were stably removed. At high loading rate(100 μg/L), removal efficiency of E1 was kept around 74%–88% for21 days, but removal efficiency reduced due to passivation of electrodes. However, removal efficiency was recovered after electrochemical regeneration of electrodes in presence of ozone. Electric energy consumption was observed in the range of 1–2 Wh/m3. From these results, we concluded that the present electrochemical process would be an alternative removal of estrogens.     

松花江水体和底泥中的环境激素类等物质的监测研究

通过对不同萃取与净化方法的比较选择,建立了一个同时检测环境介质中(水、沉积物)五种激素类物质与六种本分美内分泌干扰物的气相色谱-质谱联用分析方法,回收率在70%以上,应用此方法对松花江哈尔滨段江水样品和沉积物样品进行分析,结果酚类内分泌干扰物的浓度均远低于世界其他国家和地区,天然和人工合成激素类物质和其他国家和地区浓度相当或略高。     

Occurrence and fate of endogenous steroid hormones, alkylphenol ethoxylates, bisphenol A and phthalates in municipal sewage treatment systems

Steroid hormones, alkylphenol ethoxylates(APEOs) and phthalic acid esters(PAEs) are emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) that can interfere with the endocrine function in organisms at low concentrations. The occurrence, distribution behavior, removal rate and the fate of 31 target EDCs in sewage treatment plants, which consist of various treatment facilities and receiving water in Hong Kong, were investigated. Estrone,nonylphenol-di-ethoxylate and diethyl phthalate were found to be dominant in each group of influent samples with concentrations ranging from 11–33, 747–3945 and 445–4635 ng/L,respectively. Conversely, progesterone, nonylphenol-mono-ethoxylate and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate were the most abundant in dewatered sludge, with concentrations ranging from 0.9–237, 75–19,743 and 4310–37,016 ng/g(dry weight). The removal rates of primary sedimentation and disinfection approaches were lower than 30% for most of the chemicals,while those of activated sludge and reverse osmosis were greater than 80% for more than two-thirds of the compounds, noticeably decreasing the estrogenic risk of sewage discharged into the environment. Steroid hormones were removed via biological degradation, while some APEOs and PAEs adsorbed to the sludge. Victoria Harbor poses a low to medium estrogenic risk mainly contributed by estrone and estradiol and deserves attention.     

中国城市污水处理厂内分泌干扰物控制优先性分析

基于已报道的中国城市污水处理厂二级处理出水中内分泌干扰物的浓度,分别在以出水最大浓度为背景的极端情景和以出水中位浓度为背景的一般情景下,计算和分析了工业化学品、农药、天然雌激素、药物4类共32种内分泌干扰物的生态风险商和雌二醇当量浓度.结果表明,在极端情景下,分别有12种和9种物质具有生态风险和内分泌干扰性;其中,分别有6种和5种物质在一般情景下也具有生态风险和内分泌干扰性.在此基础上,通过评分和排序得出在中国城市污水处理厂应当优先控制的4种污染物为炔雌醇、雌酮、壬基酚、双酚A.     

城市污水处理厂各工艺阶段内分泌干扰物活性变化规律研究

使用固相萃取-酵母双杂交法研究了东北地区某污水厂内分泌干扰活性随季节的变化及不同处理单元的去除情况.结果表明,该法的EC50值为5.95×10-11mol·L-1,具有较高灵敏度.对污水水样检测得出,原污水及一沉池出水内分泌干扰活性雌二醇当量值分别为16.13～21.65和17.10～22.85ng·L-1,均以夏季最高、冬季最低;经过A/O工艺处理,二沉池出水的内分泌干扰活性降至3.37～6.76ng·L-1,以冬春较高、夏秋较低;整个污水处理工艺对内分泌干扰活性的去除率为58.1%～84.2%,平均为75.2%,也以夏季最高、冬季最低.研究还发现.二级生物处理工艺对内分泌干扰活性起主导去除作用,而一沉池对内分泌干扰物的去除能力非常有限,甚至较进水有升高现象发生.     

环境内分泌干扰物前处理方法研究新进展

环境内分泌干扰物因其能够紊乱生物体正常内分泌功能而引起人们的广泛关注,然而内分泌干扰物在水环境中浓度极低,水体中复杂机质的干扰较大,在分析监测前一般要经过样品前处理过程,以起到富集痕量组分、消除基体干扰、提高方法灵敏度的作用。针对不同环境样品中内分泌干扰物的前处理方法不同,分别介绍了液体、固体或类固体环境样品的前处理技术,提出了各前处理方法的优缺点,总结并展望了环境内分泌干扰物样品前处理方法的发展方向。     

淡水水生态基准方法学研究:繁殖/生殖毒性类化合物水生态基准探讨

繁殖/生殖毒性类化合物由于特殊的毒理作用模式(mode of action,MOA),通过影响生物繁衍影响到种群和群落,因此依靠基于急、慢性毒性测试终点和传统基准推导方法推导的水生态基准值并不能够为水生生物群落结构提供足够的保护。本文根据文献资料,分析了推导此类化合物水生态基准时的关键科学问题,包括繁殖/生殖毒性类化合物MOA,毒性数据类型,受试物种选择,以及不同生命阶段、多代毒性测试和测试终点的判别和选择。并用所收集的壬基酚数据,尝试推导了基于水生生物生殖毒性的水生态基准值。研究得出基于生殖毒性的壬基酚预测无观察效应浓度(PNEC)值为0.12μg·L-1,其数值比美国环境保护局根据传统基准方法推导的基准持续浓度(CCC)的6.59μg·L-1低了近50倍。因此,基于其繁殖毒性(包括产卵量、受精率、孵化率、多代效应以及种群变化等)的实验结果更适合用于具有繁殖/生殖毒性污染物水生态基准的推导。