硝化作用作为生态毒性指标评价土壤重金属污染生态风险

土壤质量评价基准的确立是土壤污染研究的重要方向.目前评价重金属对土壤微生物生态风险的终点指标主要有土壤生物量、土壤呼吸、酶活性、硝化作用和固氮等.解决土壤中的重金属污染是环境领域的重大课题,评价和确定一个能较早预知重金属毒性的敏感指标则具有重要意义.硝化作用因其对重金属污染的敏感性及在全球氮循环中的重要作用,在评价土壤重金属毒性研究中具有广泛的应用.在总结国内外相关研究基础上,对硝化作用的机制、影响因素以及在指示环境变化中的作用及局限性等方面进行了综述.     

矿山环境重金属污染的事故树分析

有色金属矿产资源的开采与利用过程不可避免地伴随着矿物化学组成和物理状态变化、重金属污染向生态环境释放和迁移的过程。笔者从采矿过程的分析入手,应用事故树分析方法研究了矿山环境重金属污染物来源,结果表明矿山环境重金属污染物的主要来源是尾矿库,因此矿山环境重金属释放迁移规律和重金属的污染治理与控制研究重点应针对尾矿库。     

Arsenic and Other Metal Contamination of Groundwaters in the Industrial Area of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece

In groundwater, used for drinking water supply in the greater industrial area of Thessaloniki, in Northern Greece, concentrations of total arsenic exceeded the WHO provisional guideline value and the EU maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 μg/L. The concentration of total arsenic was in the range between 4–130 μg/L, whereas the median value was 36 μg/L and the average concentration 46 μg/L. Nine out of the eleven wells contained total arsenic at concentration higher than 10 μg/L and it should be stressed that 6 of them contain arsenic at concentrations between 10 (new MCL) and 50 μg/L (previous MCL). The examined groundwaters were found to contain elevated concentrations of manganese and phosphate. Arsenic had a positive correlation with the pH, indicating the possible effect of pH on arsenic mobilisation. These findings emerge the problem of contamination from arsenic, since, according to the EU directive 98/83, all drinking water sources within the European Union should have achieved compliance with the new limits by 12/2003, implying that the situation requires urgent remedial action.     

Leachate Characterization and Assessment of Groundwater Pollution Near Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site

Leachate and groundwater samples were collected from Gazipur landfill-site and its adjacent area to study the possible impact of leachate percolation on groundwater quality. Concentration of various physico-chemical parameters including heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) and microbiological parameters (total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC)) were determined in groundwater and leachate samples. The moderately high concentrations of Cl⁻, NO⁻ ₃, SO²⁻ ₄, NH⁺ ₄, Phenol, Fe, Zn and COD in groundwater, likely indicate that groundwater quality is being significantly affected by leachate percolation. Further they proved to be as tracers for groundwater contamination. The effect of depth and distance of the well from the pollution source was also investigated. The presence of TC and FC in groundwater warns for the groundwater quality and thus renders the associated aquifer unreliable for domestic water supply and other uses. Although some remedial measures are suggested to reduce further groundwater contamination via leachate percolation, the present study demand for the proper management of waste in Delhi.     

地热水的开发利用对环境和健康的影响

在对我国地热水的分布,理化性状和利用现状调查的基础上,就地热水对环境和人群产生的影响进行了卫生学研究,结果表明地热点周围环境已受到了不同程度的污染,人群健康的远期影响也不容忽视。并提出了今后地热水开发中应重视的问题。     

三级厌氧氨氧化处理生活污水与硝酸盐废水

为进一步充分利用原水中碳源,实现生活污水与富含硝酸盐的工业废水同步脱氮,采用2个SBR和1个UASB串联,处理低C/N生活污水和硝酸盐废水,分别启动内源反硝化反应器(ED-SBR)、半短程硝化反应器(PN-SBR)和厌氧氨氧化反应器(AMX-UASB),考察各反应器处理性能,并探讨生活污水与硝酸盐废水同步脱氮的可行性....     

某市岩溶地下水四氯化碳污染特征研究

赋存于寒武系和奥陶系灰岩中的岩溶水是某市的主要供水水源,每天供水量约为35×104t.2000年11月地下水监测资料表明,南郊水源地的岩溶水已受到了四氯化碳污染.污染源为一农药厂,该厂位于七里沟水源地补给区的山坡上,生产农药时用四氯化碳做溶剂.该厂生产废水中四氯化碳的浓度从281 0μg·L-1到2584 3μg·L-1.到2001年5月,水源地中53口水井中发现了四氯化碳,污染面积达17 5km2,井水中四氯化碳浓度最高达3909 2μg·L-1.根据四氯化碳浓度,污染区可以被划分为3个亚区:污染源附近亚区(初始最大浓度为3909 2μg·L-1,2003年4月最大浓度1891 5μg·L-1),集中抽水排泄区污染亚区(初始最高浓度195 5μg·L-1,2003年4月最大浓度504 5μg·L-1)和中间污染相对较轻的过渡区(一般20～200μg·L-1).过去3a间64口水井水质资料监测表明,岩溶含水层中四氯化碳含量受降雨、承压水位和含水层深度等多种因素的综合控制.由于四氯化碳为一种微溶于水的比水重的非水相有机物(DNAPL),它主要沿含水层底部运移,因此比较浅的水井(深度<150m)中四氯化碳含量比较低,而在深度较大的水井(深度>150m)中则浓度较高.     

海南岛东部陆架表层沉积物重金属污染评价

对海南岛东部陆架29个站位的表层沉积物重金属元素(Cu、Cr、As、Pb、Zn和Cd)进行了含量测试及分布特征分析,采用地累积指数(I_geo)、富集因子(EF)和潜在生态危害指数对其进行了评价.研究结果表明:重金属含量空间分布趋势较为相似,呈现出由陆向海略微减小的趋势.6种重金属元素可能有相同或相似的来源,但Pb和As受到了人类活动影响.以上地壳和海南岛近岸未受污染沉积物为背景值的I_geo和EF值排序有所不同.研究区单项潜在生态危害系数平均值排序为Cd> As> Cu> Pb> Cr> Zn,Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn等4种重金属为轻微潜在生态危害,As和Cd在个别站位达到了中等潜在生态危害水平.综合潜在生态危害指数评价结果显示,研究区绝大多数站位处于轻微潜在生态危害水平.潜在生态危害水平相对较高的区域邻近万泉河、陵水河和三亚河河口.     

Spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in urban, suburban and agricultural soils in a Mediterranean city of Algeria

As part of a larger program aiming at assessing transfer and effects of metals in food webs, this work studied the spatial distribution of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in 101 sub-surface soils, systematically sampled (1 × 1 km regular grid) over a large area around Annaba, the fourth most-populated city of Algeria. Cd and Cr exhibited only one abnormally high value, with all other concentrations being close to pedogeological background. Some places in the centre of the city were polluted by Pb (up to 823 mg kg⁻¹), probably due to aerial deposition from gasoline exhausts. Zn never exceeded regulatory limits over the whole sampling area. Cu was the only element for which a spatial autocorrelation occurred. A spatial interpolation by cokriging allowed the identification of agricultural activities as the main Cu pollution source. Our approach revealed various anthropogenic pollution sources, more efficiently for large-scale patterns than for local abnormalities.     

土壤酞酸酯测定的污染干扰及控制措施

本文针对土壤酞酸酯测定过程中不同阶段(如采样、分析样品制备、仪器分析、空白样检测)的污染干扰,提出了对应的污染控制措施,以降低测定过程中的污染风险,保证测定结果的准确性、可靠性。