基于响应曲面模型的多元复合体系中沉积物吸附阿特拉津的规律

文章建立了阿特拉津（AT）、铜（Cu）、镉（Cd）和马拉硫磷（Ma）四元复合体系中沉积物吸附阿特拉津的BP神经网络模型,模型训练集、验证集、预测集的均方差分别为0.070 3、0.336 0、和0.195 0,模型输入数据与其模拟值相关系数r2=0.841 6。利用所建立的BP神经网络模型构建多元复合体系中沉积物吸附AT的中心复合实验设计并绘制响应曲面模型,结果显示,响应曲面模型可以直观反映多元复合体系中各因素间影响AT吸附的交互作用,AT×Ma的交互作用最大,而除Cu×Cd外,其他两两因素之间的交互作用均呈显著效应,其中,AT×Ma、AT×Cd和Cu×Ma对阿特拉津的吸附产生协同作用,而AT×Cu和Cd×Ma则产生拮抗作用,交互作用占AT吸附量的60.28%,对阿特拉津在沉积物上的吸附影响不可忽略。     

电镀污染区植物对复合重金属的富集、转移和对污染土壤的修复潜力

采用野外采样室内分析方法,对重庆市3个电镀厂污染区自然定居的23种优势植物和相应土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni 4种重金属含量进行测定,揭示了优势植物对复合污染重金属的富集和转移特征。结果表明,电镀污染区土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni平均含量分别为560.0、722.6、1 364.3和735.7 mg·kg-1,分别为GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》中三级标准限值的1.40、1.45、3.90和3.68倍。植物对重金属的吸收、富集和转移特性因植物种类、植株部位、污染地及重金属种类的不同而不同,污染地植物吸收的重金属富集滞留在根部较多,扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa)和野薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx)表现出超富集Cr的潜力,其地上部分Cr平均含量分别为1 559.2和1 914.6 mg.kg-1,生物转运系数分别为1.29和1.58,生物富集系数分别为1.58和1.79,其他植物地上部分Cr含量超过正常植物百倍以上的有14种,平均富集量为376.4 mg·kg-1,变化范围为121.2～694.3 mg·kg-1,地上部分Ni含量超过正常植物百倍以上的有8种,平均富集量为344.1 mg·kg-1,变化范围为220.3～532.1 mg·kg-1。它们是修复电镀重金属Cr和Ni复合污染土壤的理想植物。     

22种常用除草剂对蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性

为评价农药对土壤动物的影响,采用滤纸法和人工土壤法测定了22种常用除草剂对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性.滤纸法染毒48 h,特丁净、丙草胺、精异丙甲草胺、乙草胺和莎稗磷对蚯蚓为中等毒性,其LC50值为10.32(8310～12.23)～34.69(29.16～43.99) μg·cm-2;其次为...     

农田重金属污染原位钝化修复研究进展

污染土壤重金属原位钝化修复是通过向土壤中施加一些活性钝化修复材料,通过溶解沉淀、离子交换吸附、氧化还原、有机络合等反应来改变重金属在土壤中的赋存状态,降低土壤中重金属的有效浓度、迁移性和生物有效性。这种方法成本较低、操作简单、见效快且适合大面积推广,在重金属污染土壤修复中有着不可替代的作用。尤其对主要由污水灌溉、大气沉降等造成的农田土壤面源污染,一些具有吸附固定土壤中重金属离子特性的天然物质和工业副产品都可运用在实地的钝化修复中,且不同类型的钝化修复剂对重金属污染土壤的钝化修复效果各不相同。采用实验室评价和实地应用评价,一方面可以评估钝化修复材料对污染土壤中重金属离子的固定效率;另一方面可以评估钝化修复材料对土壤理化性状、养分状况和生物活性的影响。对重金属污染土壤原位钝化修复中不同来源的钝化剂进行了分类,目前广泛使用的钝化修复剂主要包括硅钙物质、含磷材料、有机物料、黏土矿物、金属及金属氧化物、生物碳及新型材料等,概述了它们各自对重金属污染土壤的钝化修复效果。从研究方法、评价指标、环境影响因子、钝化机制以及环境风险评价等方面分析了该领域的研究现状以及存在的主要问题,今后应重点关注钝化修复剂对土壤-作物系统的潜在环境风险以及钝化材料修复效果的田间长期稳定性评价。     

2010年洱海全湖磷负荷时空分布特征

为探讨不同来源磷负荷对洱海水体富营养化的贡献,研究了洱海入湖河流、干湿沉降和沉积物内源释放等来源磷负荷的时空变化特征. 结果表明:2010年洱海磷负荷的主要来源是入湖河流,其所带来的磷负荷占总入湖负荷的33%. 入湖河流磷负荷与洱海水体富营养化指数呈显著正相关,并且季节性变化明显,10月是高峰期入湖河流磷负荷区域差异较大,北部3条河流是主要来源,其中以弥苴河入湖磷负荷最大,占入湖河流磷负荷总量的52%. 沉积物磷扩散通量由北向南呈下降趋势,最高值在湖心区,11月最大. 干湿沉降入湖磷负荷季节性变化明显,干沉降占干湿沉降入湖磷负荷总量的47%. 外源入湖磷负荷控制,应以雨季之初为关键时期,以弥苴河及其流域为重点区域,以坝区农业污染控制为重点,同时应加强湖泊水体生态修复控制沉积物内源磷释放.      

典型地下水浅埋区加油站渗漏污染潜势分析及高潜势验证

地下水浅埋区的加油站油品渗漏可直接对土壤和地下水造成污染. 基于层次分析法对上海市黄浦江上游地区、崇明岛以及长兴岛内的119家加油站进行渗漏污染潜势分析,计算各加油站的LPV(leaking potential value,污染潜势值),并用四分法将119个加油站按LPV分为4个评价等级,有9个加油站LPV很高,3.60≤LPV＜4.07;49个加油站LPV较高,3.18≤LPV＜3.60;47个加油站LPV一般,2.73≤LPV＜3.18;14个加油站LPV较低,2.28≤LPV＜2.73. 针对2个LPV较高的已歇业加油站开展现场打井监测与取样分析.结果表明,这2个加油站的潜水层均出现油品渗漏污染,其中加油岛、管线区以及储油罐区是加油站渗漏污染重灾区,土壤中污染物以苯系物、萘以及总石油烃为主,总石油烃检出率达到71.4%~88.9%;地下水中污染物以总石油烃和MTBE(methyl tert-butyl ether,甲基叔丁基醚)为主,总石油烃检出率达到80.0%~100.0%,MTBE检出率达到33.3%~71.4%,对地下水源污染风险较大.      

Elemental composition of bottom-sediments from Pangani river basin,Tanzania: lithogenic and anthropogenic sources

River-bed sediments from the Pangani basin, Tanzania, were characterized for elemental compositions, following contamination risks from rapid expansions of human activities in the area. Samples were collected during two individual seasons and analyzed by high-polarizing beam energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) for eight major and 14 trace elements. Evaluation of enrichment factors (EFs) was used to investigate the elemental flux and assess the contributions of natural and anthropogenic influences. The abundances of the major elements followed the order Si?>?Al?>?Fe?>?Ca?>?K?>?Ti?>?Mn?>?P, similar to that of the upper earth's crust, and were generally from the weathering of the bed-rock. The high concentrations of typical anthropogenic trace-elements (Cr??1, V??1, Ni??1, Cu??1, La??1) coupled with high EFs (>2) in some locations indicated contamination associated with agricultural and industrial activities. Factor analysis extracted five principal components that contributed to 96.0% of the total observed variance. The results indicated that river-bed sediments of the Pangani basin were influenced to a larger extent by lithogenic sources than anthropogenic impacts.     

Study on polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans in rivers and estuaries in Osaka Bay in Japan

In order to search the source of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in blue mussel in Osaka bay, sediments from Osaka bay and from rivers running near an urban municipal incinerator were analysed for PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs. The river and estuary sediments were all found to be contaminated with PCDDs at average levels of 9.8 and 12ppb on the dry basis, PCDFs of 7.8 and 5.1 ppb, and PCBs of 1600 and 1300ppb, respectively. The two sediments contained similar profiles of specific isomers and congeners of PCDDs and PCDFs with each other. In addition, there was observed positive close correlations between PCDD and PCDF levels in the two specimens as well as fly ash from urban municipal incinerators. These allow the conclusion that the main source of the two chemicals in Osaka bay is fly ash from waste incineration.     

The role of the European commission in the maintenance of air quality standards

We describe intercomparison results obtained in the framework of the EC Directive 799/80 CEE on SO₂, Black Smoke (BS) and Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) using standard reference materials. Calibrations and measuring methods used in national laboratories were compared to the reference methods laid down in the Directive. For SO₂, the deviations were caused by inappropriate handling of the calibration rather than by possible shortcomings of the different methods themselves. In contrast, for BS, largest deviations were caused by differences in configurations of filter/reflectometer and of the conversion curves; for TSP by varying the type of filters and conditioning procedures before weighing.     

Dehydrogenase activity as an indicator of different microbial responses to pesticide-treated soils

A laboratory study was conducted to assess the impacts of diazinon, linuron or a fungicidal preparation of mancozeb supplemented with dimethomorph on dehydrogenase activity (DHA) in loamy sand (LS) and sandy loam (SL) soils with different features. The pesticides were applied at the maximum predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) under field conditions and at 5 or 100 times the PEC. More distinct effects were observed in LS than SL soils at all sampling times. For PEC, a significant decrease in DHA was found in LS soil treated with diazinon or the fungicidal preparation on day 1 and during the incubation period, respectively. However, DHA did not decrease in SL soil treated with the pesticides at this dosage. For the higher concentrations, decreased DHA was ascertained in LS soil treated with diazinon and the fungicidal preparation at all sampling times, whereas for linuron this effect was evident on days 14 and 28. By contrast, only 100-fold PEC significantly decreased DHA in SL soil amended with diazinon or linuron, compared with the fungicidal preparation that decreased DHA at five-fold PEC. Our results indicate that DHA was particularly sensitive to the fungicidal preparation in both soils, whereas linuron was less harmful than diazinon.