环境汞污染粮食长期暴露对大鼠脑神经递质的影响

为了探讨环境汞污染暴露对公众健康的潜在危害,采用汞矿地区环境汞污染粮食对大鼠进行长期暴露试验,研究不同暴露时间节点大鼠脑中神经递质乙酰胆碱(ACh)及其水解酶乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的变化情况,并以市售上海粮食作对照.结果表明,环境汞污染粮食暴露7d后,大鼠脑中神经递质ACh出现显著升高;暴露30d后仍维持在较高水平.长期暴露90d后,脑中ACh出现了显著的回落.AChE的变化则与之相反.饲喂过程中,粮食中的硒对汞的蓄积及毒性有一定的拮抗效应.实验结果表明,实地环境汞污染粮食长期暴露后对大鼠表现出明显的神经毒性作用.环境汞污染长期暴露引起的ACh含量下降,AChE活力上升是否与阿尔茨海默病(AD)有关值得注意.     

Optimal Environmental Management Strategy and Implementation for Groundwater Contamination Prevention and Restoration

An innovative management strategy is proposed for optimized and integrated environmental management for regional or national groundwater contamination prevention and restoration allied with consideration of sustainable development. This management strategy accounts for availability of limited resources, human health and ecological risks from groundwater contamination, costs for groundwater protection measures, beneficial uses and values from groundwater protection, and sustainable development. Six different categories of costs are identified with regard to groundwater prevention and restoration. In addition, different environmental impacts from groundwater contamination including human health and ecological risks are individually taken into account. System optimization principles are implemented to accomplish decision-makings on the optimal resources allocations of the available resources or budgets to different existing contaminated sites and projected contamination sites for a maximal risk reduction. Established management constraints such as budget limitations under different categories of costs are satisfied at the optimal solution. A stepwise optimization process is proposed in which the first step is to select optimally a limited number of sites where remediation or prevention measures will be taken, from all the existing contaminated and projected contamination sites, based on a total regionally or nationally available budget in a certain time frame such as 10 years. Then, several optimization steps determined year-by-year optimal distributions of the available yearly budgets for those selected sites. A hypothetical case study is presented to demonstrate a practical implementation of the management strategy. Several issues pertaining to groundwater contamination exposure and risk assessments and remediation cost evaluations are briefly discussed for adequately understanding implementations of the management strategy.     

转基因技术在植物修复重金属污染土壤研究中的新进展

综述了植物修复的相关机制及其进展和发展方向.随着一些功能基因的鉴定和分离,利用转基因技术提高植物对重金属的积累能力已取得了一些进展,开拓了植物修复的新领域.     

硝化作用作为生态毒性指标评价土壤重金属污染生态风险

土壤质量评价基准的确立是土壤污染研究的重要方向.目前评价重金属对土壤微生物生态风险的终点指标主要有土壤生物量、土壤呼吸、酶活性、硝化作用和固氮等.解决土壤中的重金属污染是环境领域的重大课题,评价和确定一个能较早预知重金属毒性的敏感指标则具有重要意义.硝化作用因其对重金属污染的敏感性及在全球氮循环中的重要作用,在评价土壤重金属毒性研究中具有广泛的应用.在总结国内外相关研究基础上,对硝化作用的机制、影响因素以及在指示环境变化中的作用及局限性等方面进行了综述.     

矿山环境重金属污染的事故树分析

有色金属矿产资源的开采与利用过程不可避免地伴随着矿物化学组成和物理状态变化、重金属污染向生态环境释放和迁移的过程。笔者从采矿过程的分析入手,应用事故树分析方法研究了矿山环境重金属污染物来源,结果表明矿山环境重金属污染物的主要来源是尾矿库,因此矿山环境重金属释放迁移规律和重金属的污染治理与控制研究重点应针对尾矿库。     

Arsenic and Other Metal Contamination of Groundwaters in the Industrial Area of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece

In groundwater, used for drinking water supply in the greater industrial area of Thessaloniki, in Northern Greece, concentrations of total arsenic exceeded the WHO provisional guideline value and the EU maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 μg/L. The concentration of total arsenic was in the range between 4–130 μg/L, whereas the median value was 36 μg/L and the average concentration 46 μg/L. Nine out of the eleven wells contained total arsenic at concentration higher than 10 μg/L and it should be stressed that 6 of them contain arsenic at concentrations between 10 (new MCL) and 50 μg/L (previous MCL). The examined groundwaters were found to contain elevated concentrations of manganese and phosphate. Arsenic had a positive correlation with the pH, indicating the possible effect of pH on arsenic mobilisation. These findings emerge the problem of contamination from arsenic, since, according to the EU directive 98/83, all drinking water sources within the European Union should have achieved compliance with the new limits by 12/2003, implying that the situation requires urgent remedial action.     

Leachate Characterization and Assessment of Groundwater Pollution Near Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site

Leachate and groundwater samples were collected from Gazipur landfill-site and its adjacent area to study the possible impact of leachate percolation on groundwater quality. Concentration of various physico-chemical parameters including heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) and microbiological parameters (total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC)) were determined in groundwater and leachate samples. The moderately high concentrations of Cl⁻, NO⁻ ₃, SO²⁻ ₄, NH⁺ ₄, Phenol, Fe, Zn and COD in groundwater, likely indicate that groundwater quality is being significantly affected by leachate percolation. Further they proved to be as tracers for groundwater contamination. The effect of depth and distance of the well from the pollution source was also investigated. The presence of TC and FC in groundwater warns for the groundwater quality and thus renders the associated aquifer unreliable for domestic water supply and other uses. Although some remedial measures are suggested to reduce further groundwater contamination via leachate percolation, the present study demand for the proper management of waste in Delhi.     

地热水的开发利用对环境和健康的影响

在对我国地热水的分布,理化性状和利用现状调查的基础上,就地热水对环境和人群产生的影响进行了卫生学研究,结果表明地热点周围环境已受到了不同程度的污染,人群健康的远期影响也不容忽视。并提出了今后地热水开发中应重视的问题。     

三级厌氧氨氧化处理生活污水与硝酸盐废水

为进一步充分利用原水中碳源,实现生活污水与富含硝酸盐的工业废水同步脱氮,采用2个SBR和1个UASB串联,处理低C/N生活污水和硝酸盐废水,分别启动内源反硝化反应器(ED-SBR)、半短程硝化反应器(PN-SBR)和厌氧氨氧化反应器(AMX-UASB),考察各反应器处理性能,并探讨生活污水与硝酸盐废水同步脱氮的可行性....     

某城市湖泊中磷的循环特征及富营养化发生潜势

通过对浙江省临海市东湖水体磷元素的输入与输出途径与通量、磷元素在湖泊环境中的循环特征以及磷循环对水温上升的响应分析,并基于对该水体从2000年开始隔年进行各参数的观测,表明2000年以来磷输入年平均增量为0.007～0.009mg/L,水中叶绿素a平均年增0.14～0.56μg/L,透明度年平均下降0.38～0.49m,溶解氧年平均下降0.21～0.71mg/L.并依此建立了反映湖泊富营养化发生潜势的这些主要代表性参数与湖水中总磷含量之间的相关关系,揭示了可以通过从磷物质单因子的变化预测所引起的其它因子变化之间的关系来综合判断湖泊的营养状态,从而为减少湖泊富营养化的发生、提高湖泊水质提供科学依据.