湘西北黑色泥灰岩风化剖面重金属富集的地球化学机制

通过对湘西北地区黑色泥灰岩风化剖面（DM剖面）中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Th、U 8种重金属元素地球化学特征的研究,并与区域上发育于黑色页岩的2条风化剖面的对比分析,初步揭示了黑色泥灰岩风化剖面中重金属富集的地球化学机制。结果表明：（1）与黑色页岩相比,黑色泥灰岩风化成土过程中重金属元素普遍呈现出低背景、高富集的地球化学特征。（2）黑色泥灰岩风化剖面的形成,是在基岩中碳酸盐快速溶蚀的基础上（基岩的酸溶相含量为78.57%）,由酸不溶相进一步演化的结果。在此过程中,对于无明显外源输入的元素Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Th、U,一方面,赋存在酸溶相的部分随碳酸盐的淋失而亏损甚至强烈亏损（其中Th相对惰性）;另一方面,残余在酸不溶相的部分因基岩中大量碳酸盐的淋失而显著富集,且随风化剖面的演化未显示出进一步的亏损。因此,这些元素在风化剖面中的富集是绝对（强烈）亏损和显著相对富集的综合结果。对于Cd,存在明显的外源输入,可能主要以水溶态形式带入并大量淀积在剖面下部。（3）在黑色泥灰岩风化剖面,有机质（OM）不是重金属元素的主要赋存介质,其对重金属元素地球化学行为的影响有限。（4）黑色泥灰岩发育的土壤中,Cu和Cd的平均含量分别为54.58 mg/kg和0.58 mg/kg,高于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,特别是Cd,对土壤生态环境可能形成不利影响,应引起关注。     

华中地区冬季灰霾天气下PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价:以湖北黄冈为例

为探究华中地区灰霾天PM_2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及其潜在健康风险,于2018年1月13~24日对华中区域观测点——黄冈站点加密采集PM_2.5样品.采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）对PM_2.5中Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sn和Pb进行分析,通过富集因子法对其污染特征进行探讨,并采用美国环保署推荐的暴露模型对其潜在风险进行评估.结果表明,观测期间PM_2.5中Zn质量浓度最高,致癌物质As、Cd质量浓度均高于我国环境空气质量标准（GB 3095-2012）的二级标准限值,70%的元素质量浓度在灰霾中期占比最大.富集因子分析显示,Cd、Sn、Co、Pb和Zn富集程度最高,特别是在灰霾中期,这些物质主要来源于交通和燃煤.人体健康风险评价结果显示,手口摄食是引起非致癌风险的主要途径,儿童的暴露量和非致癌风险均明显高于成人.Pb对儿童存在非致癌风险,PM_2.5中重金属对成人不具有非致癌风险且致癌重金属不具有致癌风险.     

微塑料诱导下污泥造粒潜能变化及微生物富集特征

微塑料(MPs)是污水处理厂中普遍检出的新兴污染物之一,目前研究主要集中于传统污水处理系统的污染水平及分布特征,但有关微塑料暴露对污泥颗粒化过程的研究鲜见报道.为探究微塑料对污泥颗粒化的诱导影响,选用环境中广泛检出的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯微塑料(PET-MPs)作为研究对象,通过微塑料暴露试验研究PET-MPs对污泥造粒过程中系统潜能、胞外聚合物(EPS)组成和菌群富集特征的影响.结果表明,PET-MPs暴露显著加快污泥颗粒化进程,同时以蛋白质(PN)为主导的EPS含量上升会增强污泥表面疏水性,造粒速度和EPS分泌量与暴露粒径成正比,微塑料和EPS协同促进颗粒污泥的形成.然而微塑料持续暴露会导致系统除污性能恶化,250μm PET-MPs暴露下亚硝酸盐氮积累的负面影响最严重,浓度高达(5.08±0.24)mg·L^-1.高通量测序结果进一步表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)是促进颗粒污泥形成的主要优势门;红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)、鞘氨醇杆菌科(Sphingomonadaceae)、黄杆菌科(Flavob...     

浙江省蔬菜生产系统重金属污染生态健康风险

为了解浙江省蔬菜生产系统重金属污染情况和居民的膳食健康风险,选择浙江省典型的蔬菜生产基地作为研究区域,采集了102对蔬菜和土壤样本,分析了浙江省蔬菜生产系统重金属Cd、 Cu、 Pb、 Cr、 As、 Ni和Hg的分布和富集特征,并采用内梅罗综合污染指数、潜在生态风险指数和膳食暴露评估模型系统评价了蔬菜生产系统生态健康风险.结果表明,研究区土壤Cd超标严重,超标率为97.2%,土壤以中轻度污染风险为主,Cd污染风险最大,其次是Pb、 Cu和As.蔬菜中仅有少量豆类和瓜果类蔬菜Cd超标,超标率分别为12.5%和8.7%.不同种类蔬菜的重金属富集能力差异明显,总体表现为：叶菜>豆类>瓜果类>根茎类.浙江省居民食用本地蔬菜的非致癌风险和致癌风险都在可接受范围,儿童比成人更容易面临风险(P<0.01),Cd和Pb对健康风险的贡献率最高.浙江省蔬菜生产系统生产的蔬菜整体处于安全水平,但需要加强对Cd和Pb的污染源管控.     

A case study of spatial variation and enrichment of selected elements in ambient particulate matter around a large coal-fired power station in Central India

The dominant use of coal in power sectors has been associated with adverse environmental impacts. Ambient air monitoring for the two size fractions of particulate matter, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and non-respirable suspended particulate matter (NRSPM) in the downwind and upwind directions of a large coal-fired power station in central India, was carried out. Collected samples of ambient particulate matter were analysed atomic absorption spectrophotometrically for 15 elements. Spatial variability in elemental composition of RSPM and NRSPM and the degree of enrichment of these toxic metals in RSPM were investigated. A significant spatial variability for the elements in RSPM and NRSPM and higher degrees of enrichment of the elements were observed.     

Medieval Agroecosystems (9th–13th Centuries) in the Region of the Present-Day City of Glazov (Udmurt Republic)

Paleoethnobotanical materials and buried soils from the site of the ancient settlement of Idnakar and neighboring archaeological monuments were analyzed to reconstruct the agroecosystems of the 9th through the 13th centuries AD near the present-day city of Glazov. The results provided data on the main features of the agroecosystem structure and composition, climate, and agriculture in the Middle Ages.     

Extinction risk of the endemic vascular flora of Kauai,Hawaii, based on IUCN assessments

The International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN Red List) is the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of species. Governmental agencies and conservation organizations increasingly rely on IUCN Red List assessments to develop conservation policies and priorities. Funding agencies use the assessments as evaluation criteria, and researchers use meta-analysis of red-list data to address fundamental and applied conservation science questions. However, the circa 143,000 IUCN assessments represent a fraction of the world's biodiversity and are biased in regional and organismal coverage. These biases may affect conservation priorities, funding, and uses of these data to understand global patterns. Isolated oceanic islands are characterized by high endemicity, but the unique biodiversity of many islands is experiencing high extinction rates. The archipelago of Hawaii has one of the highest levels of endemism of any floristic region; 90% of its 1367 native vascular plant taxa are classified as endemic. We used the IUCN's assessment of the complete single-island endemic (SIE) vascular plant flora of Kauai, Hawaii, to assess the proportion and drivers of decline of threatened plants in an oceanic island setting. We compared the IUCN assessments with federal, state, and other local assessments of Kauai species or taxa of conservation concern. Finally, we conducted a preliminary assessment for all 1044 native vascular plants of Hawaii based on IUCN criterion B by estimating area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and number of locations to determine whether the pattern found for the SIE vascular flora of Kauai is comparable to the native vascular flora of the Hawaiian Islands. We compared our results with patterns observed for assessments of other floras. According to IUCN, 256 SIE vascular plant taxa are threatened with extinction and 5% are already extinct. This is the highest extinction risk reported for any flora to date. The preliminary assessment of the native vascular flora of Hawaii showed that 72% (753 taxa) is threatened. The flora of Hawaii may be one of the world's most threatened; thus, increased and novel conservation measures in the state and on other remote oceanic islands are urgently needed.     

Risk assessment for safety of soils and vegetables around a lead/zinc mine

Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu) were determined in soils and vegetables (chrysanthemum, spinach and four cultivars of Chinese cabbage from the area adjacent to a Pb/Zn mine in Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China, and compared with the Chinese National Standards for Soil Environmental Quality. The accumulation of heavy metals in cabbage cv. Siyuegreen was investigated at different distances from the center of the mine. The vegetable plantation soils were polluted with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn, especially by Pb and Cd. The levels of Pb and Cd were 20 and 30 times higher than the permitted standards, indicating that this Pb/Zn mining area is unsuitable for agricultural use. Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum and spinach had different enrichment coefficients. The enrichment coefficient of Cd from soil to roots of chrysanthemum was >80% and from roots to leaves of cabbage cv. Shanghaigreen was >120%. These vegetables were polluted by heavy metals and could not be regarded as safe for human consumption. Environmental accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetable plantation soils was proportional to heavy metal accumulation in vegetables and both were inversely proportional to the distance from the lead/zinc mine.     

三峡库区陆生植物迁地保存初报

三峡植物物种多样性保护,重点在珍稀濒危植物,但对建群种和有实用价值的种也进行收集保存。7年来试验站保存三峡库区植物200余种,迁移成活率93%,有8种未成功。（1）到2002年已有30余种植物正常开花结实（其中木本植物24种）,可以选择繁殖试验,以达到保存的目的;（2）选择了8种植物,进行生长观测,在人为控制下,生长速度满意;（3）进行了部份种类的扦插繁殖和孢子繁殖,获得了相关结果;（4）少数种类收集遇到极大困难,需要继续努力。三峡库区生物多样性研究与保护,存在一些问题与困难,如漏项问题、库区物种问题、外来种问题、隔离对生物多样性的影响问题、生物多样性的功能问题等需要进一步研讨,从而使库区物种得以保存,环境得以优化,生物资源得到持续利用。     

镉胁迫下不同小麦品种对镉的积累特性

通过盆栽试验筛选籽粒Cd低积累型小麦品种,为重金属污染耕地安全利用提供技术支撑.试验研究了 119个小麦品种植株各部位分别在1.5 mg·kg-1(低含量)和4.0 mg·kg-1(高含量)Cd污染土壤条件下对Cd的富集和转运特性,并探讨了小麦不同器官Cd含量的相关性和土壤Cd含量与小麦吸收Cd的关系.结果表明:①供试...