土壤稀土元素的迁移-富集机制及其生态效应

稀土被称为“工业维生素”。随着稀土元素使用日益增加,导致其在土壤广泛分布并不断积累。土壤中稀土元素的地球化学过程已成为全球关注的热点。本文通过检索土壤环境稀土元素方向研究文献,综述土壤稀土元素迁移-富集机制的研究进展,识别土壤稀土元素主要来源,探讨土壤稀土元素的含量分布、分馏特征和赋存相态,以及稀土元素迁移富集和分馏的影响因素,分析稀土元素对土壤理化性质、动物、植物和微生物等产生的生态效应,以及对人体健康的潜在威胁,提出土壤稀土元素未来研究的关键问题和方向。相关认识有助于理解和掌握稀土元素在土壤中的迁移和归趋,并为稀土污染防治提供理论依据。     

6种陕北适生豆科植物生长对原油污染土壤的响应

为筛选优良的石油污染土壤修复植物,选取陕北适生的6种豆科乡土植物,对不同浓度原油污染土壤中植物的生长差异进行研究.采用混油法盆栽试验,分设0、5 000、10 000、20 000、40 000 mg·kg-1共5个不同的原油污染浓度,分析其对土壤理化性质的改变,对植物出芽时间、出芽率、株高、植物干重、叶绿素含量和枯萎率的影响.结果表明,原油污染显著改变土壤理化性质.5 000 mg·kg-1低浓度原油污染,对受试植物的发芽率和植物株高有促进作用,后随原油浓度加大植物生长受到明显抑制.原油污染浓度低时草本植物耐受力较强,其中紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)在出芽时间、出芽率、株高及枯萎率等方面综合表现较优.从40 000 mg·kg-1浓度时枯萎率及叶绿素含量分析,刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)表现较高的耐受力.相关分析表明,原油污染浓度与植物出芽时间、出芽率、株高、干重均呈显著负相关,但与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关.     

贵州珍稀濒危药用植物与可持续开发利用

通过调查贵州珍稀濒危药用植物的种类、分布、现状及用途，为该省珍稀濒危药用植物的合理开发利用提供依据。采用实地调查、资料查阅、市场调研，然后作出评估与评价。结果表明，贵州珍稀濒危药用植物种类较多，具有良好的开发应用前景。贵州珍稀濒危药用植物的开发利用应走深度开发、可持续利用模式。     

三峡库区陆生植物迁地保存初报

三峡植物物种多样性保护,重点在珍稀濒危植物,但对建群种和有实用价值的种也进行收集保存。7年来试验站保存三峡库区植物200余种,迁移成活率93%,有8种未成功。（1）到2002年已有30余种植物正常开花结实（其中木本植物24种）,可以选择繁殖试验,以达到保存的目的;（2）选择了8种植物,进行生长观测,在人为控制下,生长速度满意;（3）进行了部份种类的扦插繁殖和孢子繁殖,获得了相关结果;（4）少数种类收集遇到极大困难,需要继续努力。三峡库区生物多样性研究与保护,存在一些问题与困难,如漏项问题、库区物种问题、外来种问题、隔离对生物多样性的影响问题、生物多样性的功能问题等需要进一步研讨,从而使库区物种得以保存,环境得以优化,生物资源得到持续利用。     

重庆主城区降水中重金属的分布特征及其沉降量

于2011年12月~2012年11月,在重庆主城区设置了3个采样点,利用湿沉降自动采样器收集降水样品,用ICP-MS对样品中13种重金属进行分析,并通过引入富集因子,研究了重庆主城区降水中重金属含量分布特征、污染水平及沉降量.结果表明,重庆主城区降水中大部分重金属元素的含量水平和年沉降量高于国内其他城市和国外一些地区,其中,Cd、Pb、As含量和沉降量分别为0.55μg·L-1和0.44 mg·(m2·a)-1、37.94μg·L-1和30.25 mg·(m2·a)-1、5.65μg·L-1和4.50mg·(m2·a)-1,相对较高.另外,重庆主城区降水中重金属含量和沉降量空间差异不大,但都有明显的季节差异,含量在秋季和冬季出现较大值,而沉降量在春季和夏季出现较大值.富集因子计算结果显示,多种重金属元素的富集因子相对较高,其中Cd和Se的富集因子分别为1 740和4 133,污染较为严重.     

燃煤电厂烟尘超低排放技术措施研究

针对越来越严格的环保要求,介绍了原有的除尘技术,并对除尘器新技术改造方案进行了说明,其中重点对电袋复合代替静电除尘技术、在静电除尘器中增置旋转电极、更改工频电源为高频电源、在电除尘器前加装低温换热器、脱硫后增加湿式电除尘器技术等方案进行比较分析。为了达到超低排放要求,对不同的烟尘超低排放实践工艺进行了说明,并结合东部沿海地区可再生能源发展空间有限的实际情况,提出加快推广超低排放技术在现有燃煤电厂的应用,实现传统煤电产业和环保产业的转型升级。     

不同Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥异化铁还原及除磷影响研究

以SBBR反应器活性污泥作为铁还原菌菌种来源,采用兼性厌氧/严格厌氧恒温培养试验,投加不同Fe(Ⅲ)考察各条件下的异化铁还原能力同时比较对磷的去除效果.结果表明:2种条件下Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力具有较好的一致性,依次为:Fe(OH)3＞氧化铁皮＞青矿＞红矿,其中严格厌氧条件下较好.同时,除磷效果与其呈正相关,富集培养至7d,Fe(OH)3及氧化铁皮体系出水磷浓度均达到2mg/L以下,之后继续降低,最终达到0.5mg/L以下.结合异化铁还原除磷机理,可以证明,不同Fe(Ⅲ)表面吸附作用对TP的去除贡献较小,其主要作用为铁还原菌驱动下的化学沉淀去除.     

Heavy metal bioaccumulation in selected medicinal plants collected from Khetri copper mines and comparison with those collected from fertile soil in Haridwar,India

Heavy metal distribution in medicinal plants is gaining importance not only as an alternative medicine, but also for possible concern due to effects of metal toxicity. The present study has been focused on emphasizing the heavy metal status and bioaccumulation factors of V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se (essential metals) and Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Pb (potentially toxic metals) in medicinal plants grown under two different environmental conditions e.g., near to Khetri copper mine and those in fertile soils of Haridwar, both in India, using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (relative method) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The copper levels in the medicinal plants from Khetri were found to be 3-4 folds higher (31.6–76.5 mg kg^?1) than those from Haridwar samples (7.40–15.3 mg kg^?1), which is correlated with very high copper levels (763 mg kg^?1) in Khetri soil. Among various heavy metals, Cr (2.60–5.92 mg kg^?1), Cd (1.47–2.97 mg kg^?1) and Pb (3.97–6.63 mg kg^?1) are also higher in concentration in the medicinal plants from Khetri. The essential metals like Mn (36.4–69.3 mg kg^?1), Fe (192–601 mg kg^?1), Zn (24.9–49.9 mg kg^?1) and Se (0.13–0.91 mg kg^?1) and potentially toxic metals like Ni (3.09–9.01 mg kg^?1) and As (0.41–2.09 mg kg^?1) did not show much variations in concentration in the medicinal plants from both Khetri and Haridwar. The medicinal plants from Khetri, e.g., Ocimum sanctum, Cassia fistula, Withania somnifera and Azadirachta Indica were found rich in Ca and Mg contents while Aloe barbadensis showed moderately high Ca and Mg. Higher levels of Ca-Mg were found to correlate with Zn (except Azadirachta Indica). The bioaccumulation factors (BAFS) of the heavy metals were estimated to understand the soil-to-plant transfer pattern of the heavy metals. Significantly lower BAF values of Cu and Cr were found in the medicinal plants from Khetri, indicating majority fraction of these metals are precipitated and were immobilized species unsuitable for plant uptake. Overall, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) showed very high metal bioaccumulation.     

Bacterial colonization of the phyllosphere of nineteen plant species and antimicrobial activity of their leaf secondary metabolites against leaf associated bacteria

Summary. The scope of this work was to examine whether leaf constitutive secondary metabolites play a role in determining bacterial colonization of the phyllosphere. To this aim, we surveyed nineteen native or cultivated plant species that share a common bacterial pool in a North Mediterranean area, and estimated the size of total and ice nucleation active (INA) bacterial populations on their leaves. Large differences in the colonization of their phyllosphere were found; the population size of epiphytic bacteria ranged from 7.5 × 10² to 1 × 10⁶ CFU/g fresh weight, in eucalypt and celery, respectively. Species native in Mediterranean-type climate areas, particularly those belonging to the group of aromatic plants, are characterized by scarce presence of INA bacteria. The antibacterial activity of essential oils, surface phenolics and leaf tissue extracts was also estimated against the INA strains P. syringae and E. herbicola, isolated from two of these plant species. E. herbicola proved more sensitive than P. syringae. Of the species examined, oregano [Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link.) Ietswaart], an aromatic plant, had the highest antimicrobial activity, whereas six species showed no activity at all. Further experiments were performed with oregano and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) that represent two extremes in their secondary metabolite content. Both plants were inoculated with P. syringae. By the end of incubation, the bacterial population on bean plants was about 100 times higher than that on oregano leaves. Scanning electron micrographs showed that bacterial growth on oregano leaves was confined to sites away from glandular hairs. Results from the bacterial colonization survey together with those from the toxicity tests showed that all species rich in antibacterial secondary metabolites harbored low leaf bacterial populations. These results provide substantial evidence that leaf secondary metabolites function as constitutive defense chemicals against microbial invasions. However, the fact that species with non- or moderately active leaf secondary metabolites are not always highly colonized suggests mediation of other unknown factors, the contribution of which requires further investigation.