不同环境下土壤作物系统中重金属元素迁移分配特点

不同环境中重金属的积累特点及其向食物的迁移可能导致对人类健康的不同影响。文章对苏南某市典型乡镇工业环境中的农田表层土壤重金属污染积累进行了分析,并参照国家土壤环境质量二级标准进行重金属污染的单因子和综合因子评价。结果表明,工业环境中农田土壤表层重金属元素的富集系数和重金属DTPA有效态含量显著高于非工业环境,说明工业化发展是土壤重金属积累的主要因素,同时土壤的基本理化性质对土壤重金属的富集有一定的影响。不同种类农产品对重金属的富集能力表现为叶菜类>籽实类>根菜类>水稻籽粒,重金属元素中Cd、Zn、Cu较易在农产品中积累。应该注意工业发展对农田土壤的重金属污染以及对人类食物安全的可能影响。     

植物对水溶液中乐果的降解及影响因素分析

通过气相色谱分析,建立浓度换算标准曲线,研究了三种水生植物水葱、香蒲和石菖蒲对水溶液中乐果的降解效果,并进一步探讨了水葱对乐果降解的动力学过程和各因素对乐果去除的贡献。结果表明,三种植物对乐果去除能力由大到小依次为:水葱,香蒲,石菖蒲。水葱10天内对乐果的去除率为58%,香蒲和石菖蒲组对乐果的去除率分别为39%和33%。乐果的自然降解和挥发、植物吸收和微生物降解作用对乐果去除的贡献率约为:20%、40%、30%。水体的pH升高能够加速乐果的降解,营养盐质量浓度的下降不利于植物去除乐果。     

石灰泥炭对镉铅锌污染土壤上小白菜生长和元素吸收的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了在镉、铅、锌污染土壤上,石灰和泥炭对小白菜生长状况及对污染元素(Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ,Ｚｎ)和养分元素(Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ,Ｃｕ,Ｍｎ,Ｆｅ)吸收的影响。结果表明,石灰消除了重金属的毒害症状．显著促进小白菜的生长、显著抑制小白菜对镉、铅、锌的吸收。石灰对氮、钾、铜、锰的吸收也有显著抑制作用。泥炭对小白菜生长的改善效果及对铜、铅、锌吸收的抑制效果较石灰差。提高酸性土壤ｐＨ值是减少作物对重金属吸收的有效方法。     

水生维管束植物在水污染中的应用

随着水污染的加剧，高效低耗的水污染处理技术逐渐受到人们的重视，水生维管束植物以其特有的组织和生态功能及易于人工操纵等原因而在净化水体污染、防治富营养化方面发挥了重要的作用。文章对水生维管束植物在水质净化中的作用、影响因素、水生植物的综合利用及其在水污染监测中的作用等方面进行了系统分析，提出多种植物组合比单种植物能更好地实现对水体的净化，通过温度、水深的调控措施可以加强水生维管束植物对水质的净化效果，温度、水深、水质状况以及水生植物的经济价值等是水生植物选择的重要因素。指出了当前水生维管束植物研究中存在的一些问题，认为在人为操纵下，对于水生植物的长效管理是其在水污染应用中的一个重要内容。     

Distribution of larval host plants of the fruit piercing moth,Othreis fullonia

Summary The adult fruit piercing moth,Othreis fullonia, a native of the indo-Malaysian region, causes severe damage to fruits grown throughout the tropical and subtropical belt from Africa through Asia and Australia to the Pacific Islands. Plants of the family Menispermaceae and the genusErythrina (Fabaceae) serve as larval hosts but the adult moths prefer Menispermaceae plants for oviposition. In Africa, Asia and Australia, the moth does not lay eggs onErythrina since members of the Menispermaceae are abundant. However in the insular Pacific region, where most islands have few or no species of Menispermaceae, the introduced fruit piercing moth utilizesErythrina as an alternate larval host, and either depletes, endangers or causes the possible extinction of Menispermaceae.     

Processes Influencing Dissolved Organic Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur in Soils

The influence of different plant and soil processes on the concentrations of soluble organic forms of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in soil and drainage waters is reviewed. Current knowledge about soluble organic matter is restricted mainly to dissolved organic carbon. Comparable information about soluble organic nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in processes such as eutrophication, plant uptake and decomposition is limited. Data are presented to highlight the potential sources of soluble organic components together with a discussion of their likely fate within the soil profile. the implications of changes in land use and management practices on dissolved organic matter are discussed.     

Impact of Grazing Intensity during Drought in an Arizona Grassland

Abstract:  The ecological benefits of changing cattle grazing practices in the western United States remain controversial, due in part to a lack of experimentation. In 1997 we initiated an experimental study of two rangeland alternatives, cattle removal and high-impact grazing, and compared grassland community responses with those with more conventional, moderate grazing practices. The study was conducted in a high-elevation, semiarid grassland near Flagstaff, Arizona (U.S.A.). We conducted annual plant surveys of modified Whittaker plots for 8 years and examined plant composition shifts among treatments and years. High-impact grazing had strong directional effects that led to a decline in perennial forb cover and an increase in annual plants, particularly the exotic cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum L.). A twofold increase in plant cover by exotic species followed a severe drought in the sixth year of the study, and this increase was greatest in the high-impact grazing plots, where native cover declined by one-half. Cattle removal resulted in little increase in native plant cover and reduced plant species richness relative to the moderate grazing control. Our results suggest that some intermediate level of cattle grazing may maintain greater levels of native plant diversity than the alternatives of cattle removal or high-density, short-duration grazing practices. Furthermore, episodic drought interacts with cattle grazing, leading to infrequent, but biologically important shifts in plant communities. Our results demonstrate the importance of climatic variation in determining ecological effects of grazing practices, and we recommend improving conservation efforts in arid rangelands by developing management plans that anticipate this variation.     

大气CO2浓度升高对水稻和稗草根系生长的影响

在两种N水平下(低N 10 mg.L-1和常N 30 mg.L-1),采用水培方法比较了分蘖盛期C3植物水稻(O ryzasativa)和C4植物稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)在CO2浓度升高(550μmol.mol-1)和CO2浓度未升高(350μmol.mol-1)条件下的根系生长变化。结果表明,常N水平下高浓度CO2显著增加水稻和稗草的根干重、根体积、根总长和根直径,水稻对CO2浓度升高的响应强于稗草;低N胁迫时,高浓度CO2显著增加稗草的根干重、根体积和根总长,而对水稻生长无明显促进作用。在两种N水平下,高浓度CO2均显著降低水稻和稗草根系N含量,而C含量上升不明显,导致C/N比值显著增加。高浓度CO2显著降低水稻和稗草单位根重根毛数,这可能是CO2浓度升高条件下根系活力显著降低的形态学原因之一。     

番茄柱式无土栽培研究

在立柱密度为 80cm× 80cm的”树林”式柱式无土栽培区种植番茄 (LycopersicumMill) ,品种是洋杂 2号和90 6 ,面积各有 5 4 0m2 (在非自控玻璃温室内 ) ,各含 6 36根立柱 ,每根柱种 3层共 9株 ,总共各有 5 72 4株 .番茄生长期间 ,柱上植株始终保持塔形排列 ,每株留 2穗果约 6只番茄 ,在不影响结果情况下注意去顶、剪叶和去除营养枝 ,以保持柱间有良好透光 .此外 ,在两行立柱之间地面 (除走道外 )铺设中高 10cm倒V字形双面铝 (Al)膜反光体 ,可使柱高 10 0cm以下的光照量增加 5 0 %左右 ,并超过了番茄的光合需要保持量E为 6 0 0～ 70 0 μEm-2 s-1[2 ] 的要求 .立柱由基质型盆钵组成 ,盆钵中的基质有陶粒、用过的香菇菌棒碎料加珍珠岩加有机肥料和难溶磷铁肥 ,于循环水中加入盆钵中没有的成分组成完全的平衡营养系统以循环浇灌 ,结果培养出了粗壮结果良好的的植株 .番茄洋杂 2号亩产为 5 184kg,是对照(深流栽培 )的 2 .4倍 ,又比土栽培的产量高 30 % ;品种 90 6亩产为 5 2 34kg,是对照土栽培的 2 .2倍 .图 2表 3参 2     

地热水养殖对鱼的卫生质量的影响

地热水中常含有某些有害的化学成分，本文论述了利用地热水养殖对鱼的影响，我们发现，由于生物富集作用，在地热水中生长的鱼含氟量较高，还含有砷，镉等污染物，因此，利用地热水养殖，应该十分注重鱼产品的卫生质量。